Global Cost of Land Degradation

Nkonya, Ephraim; Anderson, Weston; Kato, Edward; Koo, Jawoo; Mirzabaev, Alisher; Braun, Joachim von; Meyer, Stefan

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19168-3_6

Cited by 68 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The methodology used in the study follows the approaches proposed by von and Nkonya et al (2014), and is based on the comparative evaluation of the cost of action and the cost of inaction. Following Nkonya et al (2014), we calculated the costs of land degradation due to land-use and land-cover change (LUCC) through:…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Economics of Land Degradation in Russia

Sorokin

Bryzzhev

Strokov

et al. 2015

Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement – A Global Assessment for Sustainable Development

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The analysis of the costs for action versus inaction in addressing land degradation at national and sub-national (regional and district) levels in Russia showed that the total annual costs of land degradation due to land use and cover change only are about 189 billion USD in 2009 as compared with 2001, i.e. about 23.6 billion USD annually, or about 2 % of Russia's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2010. These land use and land cover changes occurred in the area of 130 million ha. The area of arable lands decreased by 25 % during the period of the economic reforms between 1990 and 2009. The total economic value of ecosystem goods and services is estimated to equal about 3700 billion USD in Russia, exceeding the conventional GDP by 3 times. The costs of action against land degradation are lower than the costs of inaction in Russia by 5-6 times over a 30-year horizon. Almost 92 % of the costs of action are made up of the opportunity costs of action. The methodology of the economics of land degradation can be successfully applied in peculiar socioeconomic conditions of Russia, but the lack of harmonization of methods and indicators brings uncertainty to quantitative assessments.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This implies that population pressure on ecosystems is much higher in these four districts (Table 18.12). Source Calculated by authors using initial data from Nkonya et al (2014) …”

Section: Economic Impacts Of Land Degradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Economics of Land Degradation in Russia

Sorokin

Bryzzhev

Strokov

et al. 2015

Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement – A Global Assessment for Sustainable Development

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“…The results are consistent with Gueye (1992) who Total cost of rice and maize cropland degradation as % of GDP 1 % Notes Percent change = y1Ày2 y1 * 100 BAU Business as usual-farmer practice Average harvested area of crops are (with corresponding area in brackets): Rice (116,226 ha) and maize (154,347 ha) (Source FAOSTAT 2014). Crop prices: Rice (US$656/ton) and maize US $543/ton; Source Calculated from DSSAT simulation results (see Nkonya et al 2015). Adoption rate of soil fertility management practices: Agricultural survey (2011/12) found greater millet yield in cowpea-millet rotation cropping.…”

Section: Cost Of Cropland Degradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19.7. Using the TEV approach (see Nkonya et al 2015), the annual cost of land degradation due to LUCC is estimated to be about US$0.733 billion. The cost is highest in the subhumid area-which experienced the largest cropland expansion into grasslands and shrublands (Fig.…”

Section: Cost Of Land Degradation Due To Land Use/cover Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Cost, Drivers and Action Against Land Degradation in Senegal

Sow¹,

Nkonya

Meyer

et al. 2015

Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement – A Global Assessment for Sustainable Development

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Senegal is facing a major land degradation challenge that poses threat to livelihoods of the rural poor. This study was done to inform policy makers on the cost of inaction and the costs and benefits of taking action against land degradation. The study shows that the annual cost of land degradation on rice, millet and maize -which account for 45 % of cropland area-is US$103 million, or 2 % of the country's GDP. The on-farm cost of grazing land degradation is about US$9 million or 0.1 % of the GDP. The low cost of grazing degradation is a reflection of the low livestock productivity. The cost of land degradation due to Land Use/Cover Change (LUCC) is about US$0.412 billion or about 4 % of the GDP. This shows that LUCC accounts for the largest cost of land degradation. The marginal rate of return to investment in restoration of degraded lands is greater than 4-suggesting high returns to taking action against land degradation. Action against land degradation will have far-reaching benefits for the rural poor who heavily depend on natural resources. Senegal has great potential for successfully addressing land degradation. For example, the large number of agricultural extension agents from public and private providers, promoting Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) practices, Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) and strengthening public-private partnership could help increase adoption of sustainable land management (SLM) practices. The Dankou Classified Forest investment in awareness creation of ecosystem services led to effective participation of the communities and their participation in protecting it. This demonstrates that awareness creation is a key strategy for ensuring community involvement in protecting natural resources.

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“…Land use/cover changes (LUCC) are a major driver of land degradation, which replace the high value biomes with low value biomes (Nkonya et al 2014). In this section, we used the 1-km resolution Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land cover data to analyze LUCC ( Fig.…”

Section: Cost Of Land Degradation and Cost Of Action And Inaction Agamentioning

confidence: 99%

Economics of Land Degradation in China

Deng¹,

Li²

2015

Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement – A Global Assessment for Sustainable Development

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Land degradation is a complex process that involves both the natural ecosystem and the socioeconomic system, among which climate and land use changes are the two predominant driving factors. We reviewed the status of degradation in grasslands, forests and cultivated lands in China, as well as the major drivers of land degradation in the North China Plain. The previous research shows that an increase in rainfall and temperature would significantly and positively contribute to land improvement. The conversion from cultivated land to grassland and forest land showed positive relationship with land improvement, while conversion to built-up area is associated with land degradation. In addition, human agricultural intensification may help improve the land quality. The overall economic development may exert positive impacts on land quality, while the increased agricultural production may exert negative impacts on land. Infrastructure construction would modify the land surface and further result in land degradation. Finally, our analysis of the costs of actions to address land degradation in China shows that the annual costs of land degradation due to land use and cover change (LUCC) is equal to about 24.5 billion USD. In addition, the cost of grassland degradation, without shifts in LUCC, is estimated to equal about 0.49 billion USD due to losses in livestock productivity resulting from grassland degradation. Moreover, the costs of cropland degradation for three crops: wheat, maize and rice, is estimated to be about 12 billion USD annually. The total cost of land degradation due to LUCC and using land degrading management practices on cropland and grazing land is 2007 US$37 billion or 1 % of China's 2007 GDP. Finally, the analysis shows that the costs of the rehabilitation of the lands degraded due to LUCC are significantly lower than the costs of inaction, with the returns of up to 4.7 times for every yuan invested over a 30-year period. This underscores the need to take action against land degradation. This is particularly important given China's new sustainable development and green economy approach reflected in its five year plan and other environmental policies. Results of this study will inform policy makers on the key areas for addressing land degradation.

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Global Cost of Land Degradation

Cited by 68 publications

References 48 publications

The Economics of Land Degradation in Russia

The Economics of Land Degradation in Russia

Cost, Drivers and Action Against Land Degradation in Senegal

Economics of Land Degradation in China

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