“…In some cases, a nonlinear effect, known as the feedback instability, takes place (Lysak and Song, 2002;Streltsov and Foster, 2004;Foster et al, 2004). Some of these Alfvén waves are mode-converted from fast mode waves which have their origin in the solar wind or at the magnetopause (Southwood, 1974;Chen and Hasegawa, 1974;Kivelson et al, 1984). As another possibility, the observed electromagnetic fluctuations are not waves, but the magnetospheric counterpart of static ionospheric currents (Gurnett et al, 1984;Dombeck et al, 2005) as studied in the auroral region.…”