Global commodity chains and endogenous growth: Export dynamism and development in Mexico and Honduras

Global competition, institutional context and regional production networks: up- and downgrading experiences in Romania’s apparel industry

“…At the global level, the MFA and its phase out through the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) have had significant effects on competitive dynamics and buyers' sourcing strategies and, hence, trade, employment and upgrading patterns (Gereffi/Frederick 2010;Staritz 2011). The intensification of regional trade agreements was a response to heightened competition from Asian countries as the integration of peripheral regional countries was intended to enhance the competitiveness of core countries (Dickerson 1999;Bair/Dussel Peters 2006). EU's trade policy and in particular the OPT agreements and its ROO specifications were central instruments that significantly impacted on the way in which CEE apparel firms were integrated into Western European production networks (Begg et al 2003;Pickles et al 2006;Plank/Staritz 2011).…”

Transient global value chains and preferential trade agreements: rules of origin in US trade agreements with Jordan and Egypt

“…The role of restrictive RoOs has been particularly highlighted in the textiles and apparel industry. Frederick and Gereffi (2009) argued that RoOs should be relaxed to encourage apparel assembly in least developed countries while Bair & Dussel Peters (2005), looking at the cases of Mexico and Honduras, argued that the RoOs that largely reflect the prerogatives of US textile manufacturers are unlikely to help fostering development in those countries. The role of RoOs in limiting south-south trade has also been highlighted (Barber, et al 2004).…”

“…Restrictive RoOs, while limiting rapid take-off in exports, force GVC producers to adapt their production networks and invest in supply linkages that make them eligible for preferential access while flexible RoOs facilitate this disembedded GVC integration model. The issue of RoOs has been highlighted in a number of studies using the GVC framework (Bair & Dussel Peters 2005, Pickles and Godfrey 2013, Frederick and Gereffi 2009). More work is, however, needed to examine how RoOs as a key element of PTAs are linked to the overall organisation of GVCs and how they affect the way GVCs "touch down" in different locations especially when preferential market access is a key driver of GVC integration.…”

“…This reflects the search for lower costs in the GVC and the fact that trade was one of the highly debated issues with strong pressure from US textile producers to implement restrictive RoOs in these agreements to maintain their position in the US market and in regional markets (Bair & Dussel Peters 2005). The outcome of the NAFTA negotiations was the "yarn forward" rule that became the standard in subsequent US trade agreements and initiatives.…”

The changing nature of Asian-Latin American economic relations

“…FDI in this region does not seem to have generated externalities for local companies by means of human capital mobility either. Additionally, in many countries a dual export -and industrial-structure has emerged, since national companies specialize in primary and traditional goods and, even where they produce the same goods, serve different markets (Ciarli and Giuliani, 2005;Bair and Dussel Peters, 2006).…”