“…Within the published literature, very few studies have specifically reported rates during the winter or early spring from larger rivers (e.g., Escoffier et al., 2018; Marcarelli et al., 2010; Mejia et al., 2019; Uehlinger, 2006; Uehlinger & Naegeli, 1998; Uehlinger et al., 2000), but similar to headwater streams, most were not collected with the intent of exploring winter metabolism. Seasonal metabolism studies in large rivers tend to either occur in regions with infrequent or no ice cover during the winter season (e.g., Dodds et al., 2013; Hall et al., 2016; Hart, 2013; McTammany et al., 2003; Ochs et al., 2013; Roach et al., 2014; Smith & Kaushal, 2015; Sobotka & Phelps, 2017; Val et al., 2016) or exclude winter (e.g., O'Connor et al., 2012; Snyder & Minshall, 2005). Like for headwaters, studies that report winter metabolic rates in large rivers typically show that wintertime GPP is lower than other seasonal values (Hosen et al., 2019; Marcarelli et al., 2010; Uehlinger, 2006; Uehlinger & Naegeli, 1998).…”