Global Carbon Budget 2018

Quéré, Corinne Le; Andrew, Robbie M.; Friedlingstein, Pierre; Sitch, Stephen; Hauck, Judith; Pongratz, Julia; Pickers, Penelope A.; Korsbakken, Jan Ivar; Peters, Glen P.; Canadell, Josep G.; Arneth, Almut; Arora, Vivek K.; Barbero, Leticia; Bastos, Ana; Bopp, Laurent; Chevallier, F.; Chini, L. P.; Ciais, Philippe; Doney, Scott C.; Gkritzalis, Thanos; Goll, Daniel S.; Harris, Ian; Haverd, Vanessa; Hoffman, Forrest M.; Hoppema, Mario; Houghton, Richard A.; Ilyina, Tatiana; Johannessen, Truls; Jones, Chris D.; Kato, Etsushi; Goldewijk, Kees Klein; Landschützer, Peter; Lefèvre, Nathalie; Lienert, Sebastian; Lombardozzi, Danica; Metzl, Nicolas; Munro, David R.; Nabel, Julia E. M. S.; Nakaoka, Shin‐Ichiro; Neill, Craig; Olsen, Are; Ono, Tsueno; Patra, Prabir K.; Peregon, Anna; Peters, Wouter; Peylin, Philippe; Pfeil, Benjamin; Pierrot, Denis; Poulter, Benjamin; Rehder, Gregor; Resplandy, Laure; Robertson, Eddy; Rocher, Matthias; Rödenbeck, Christian; Schuster, Ute; Schwinger, Jörg; Séférian, Roland; Skjelvan, Ingunn; Steinhoff, Tobias; Sutton, Adrienne J.; Tans, Pieter P.; Tian, Hanqin; Tilbrook, Bronte; Tubiello, Francesco N.; Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid T. van der; Werf, Guido R. van der; Viovy, Nicolas; Walker, Anthony P.; Wiltshire, Andrew J.; Wright, Rebecca; Zaehle, Sönke

doi:10.5194/essd-2018-120

Cited by 131 publications

(224 citation statements)

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“…This factor still holds for a restricted Atlantic basin, if the ratio of continental to hydrothermal Si is the same as the global value. Converting this to a CO 2 degassing rate is not straightforward, but taking modern values for the input fluxes from mid‐ocean ridges in the long‐term carbon cycle (3 × 10 12 mol C year −1 ; Dasgupta & Hirschmann, 2010), then a threefold increase is approximately 0.1 Pg C year −1 , much less than PETM onset rates (Gutjahr et al, 2017), human fossil fuel burning (Le Quéré et al, 2018), or LIP emplacement (Schaller et al, 2011) This argues against mantle‐sourced carbon degassing through seafloor vent systems as the cause of pre‐PETM warming. Reconciling the observed pre‐PETM warming with the lack of a CIE remains a challenge.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constraints on Earth System Functioning at the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum From the Marine Silicon Cycle

Fontorbe

Frings

Rocha³

et al. 2020

Paleoceanog and Paleoclimatol

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The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, ca. 56 Ma) is marked by a negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE) and increased global temperatures. The CIE is thought to result from the release of 13 C-depleted carbon, although the source(s) of carbon and triggers for its release, its rate of release, and the mechanisms by which the Earth system recovered are all debated. Many of the proposed mechanisms for the onset and recovery phases of the PETM make testable predictions about the marine silica cycle, making silicon isotope records a promising tool to address open questions about the PETM. We analyzed silicon isotope ratios (δ 30 Si) in radiolarian tests and sponge spicules from the Western North Atlantic (ODP Site 1051) across the PETM. Radiolarian δ 30 Si decreases by 0.6‰ from a background of 1‰ coeval with the CIE, while sponge δ 30 Si remains consistent at 0.2‰. Using a box model to test the Si cycle response to various scenarios, we find the data are best explained by a weak silicate weathering feedback, implying the recovery was mostly driven by nondiatom organic carbon burial, the other major long-term carbon sink. We find no resolvable evidence for a volcanic trigger for carbon release, or for a change in regional oceanography. Better understanding of radiolarian Si isotope fractionation and more Si isotope records spanning the PETM are needed to confirm the global validity of these conclusions, but they highlight how the coupling between the silica and carbon cycles can be exploited to yield insight into the functioning of the Earth system.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constraints on Earth System Functioning at the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum From the Marine Silicon Cycle

Fontorbe

Frings

Rocha³

et al. 2020

Paleoceanog and Paleoclimatol

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“…Before the construction of the 2017, 2018, and 2019 carbon budgets (Friedlingstein et al, 2019; Le Quéré, Andrew, Friedlingstein, Sitch, Hauck, et al, 2018; Le Quéré, Andrew, Friedlingstein, Sitch, Pongratz, et al, 2018, respectively), the flux of carbon from indirect anthropogenic and natural effects was calculated by difference:

\begin{matrix} Atmospheric growth & = Fossil fuel emissions + Net LULUCF emissions - Oceanic uptake - The residual terrestrial sink \\ 4.9 (\pm 0.02) & = 9.5 (\pm 0.5) + 1.5 (\pm 0.7) - 2.5 (\pm 0.6) - 3.6 (\pm 1.0) . \end{matrix}

…”

Section: The Net Flux Of Carbon From Indirect Anthropogenic Effects Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Terrestrial fluxes of carbon in GCP carbon budgets

Houghton

2020

Global Change Biology

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The Global Carbon Project (GCP) has published global carbon budgets annually since 2007 (Canadell et al. [2007], Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 104, 18866–18870; Raupach et al. [2007], Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 104, 10288–10293). There are many scientists involved, but the terrestrial fluxes that appear in the budgets are not well understood by ecologists and biogeochemists outside of that community. The purpose of this paper is to make the terrestrial fluxes of carbon in those budgets more accessible to a broader community. The GCP budget is composed of annual perturbations from pre‐industrial conditions, driven by addition of carbon to the system from combustion of fossil fuels and by transfers of carbon from land to the atmosphere as a result of land use. The budget includes a term for each of the major fluxes of carbon (fossil fuels, oceans, land) as well as the rate of carbon accumulation in the atmosphere. Land is represented by two terms: one resulting from direct anthropogenic effects (Land Use, Land‐Use Change, and Forestry or land management) and one resulting from indirect anthropogenic (e.g., CO2, climate change) and natural effects. Each of these two net terrestrial fluxes of carbon, in turn, is composed of opposing gross emissions and removals (e.g., deforestation and forest regrowth). Although the GCP budgets have focused on the two net terrestrial fluxes, they have paid little attention to the gross components, which are important for a number of reasons, including understanding the potential for land management to remove CO2 from the atmosphere and understanding the processes responsible for the sink for carbon on land. In contrast to the net fluxes of carbon, which are constrained by the global carbon budget, the gross fluxes are largely unconstrained, suggesting that there is more uncertainty than commonly believed about how terrestrial carbon emissions will respond to future fossil fuel emissions and a changing climate.

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“…The global atmospheric CO 2 concentration has increased by more than 40% since the preindustrial era to more than 400 ppm in recent years and remains the main driver to current and future climate changes (Le Quéré et al, 2018). The increase in CO 2 concentration predominantly originates from anthropogenic CO 2 emissions by combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas (Andres et al, 2012; Ciais et al, 2013; Rotty, 1983).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constraining Fossil Fuel CO₂ Emissions From Urban Area Using OCO‐2 Observations of Total Column CO₂

Lauvaux

Kort

et al. 2020

JGR Atmospheres

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Satellite observations of the total column dry-air CO 2 (X CO2 ) are expected to support the quantification and monitoring of fossil fuel CO 2 (ffCO 2 ) emissions from urban areas. We evaluate the utility of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) X CO2 retrievals to optimize whole-city emissions, using a Bayesian inversion system and high-resolution transport modeling. The uncertainties of constrained emissions related to transport model, satellite measurements, and local biospheric fluxes are quantified. For the first two uncertainty sources, we examine cities of different landscapes: "plume city" located in relatively flat terrain, represented by Riyadh and Cairo; and "basin city" located in basin terrain, represented by Los Angeles (LA). The retrieved scaling factors of emissions and their uncertainties show prominent variabilities from track to track, due to the varying meteorological conditions and relative locations of the tracks transecting plumes. To explore the performance of multiple tracks in retrieving emissions, pseudo data experiments are carried out. The estimated least numbers of tracks required to constrain the total emissions for Riyadh (<10% uncertainty), Cairo (<10%), and LA (<5%) are 8, 5, and 7, respectively. Additionally, to evaluate the impact of biospheric fluxes on derivation of the ffX CO2 enhancements, we conduct simulations for Pearl River Delta metropolitan area. Significant fractions of local X CO2 enhancements associated with local biospheric X CO2 variations are shown, which potentially lead to biased estimates of ffCO 2 emissions. We demonstrate that satellite measurements can be used to improve urban ffCO 2 emissions with a sufficient amount of measurements and appropriate representations of the uncertainty components.

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Global Carbon Budget 2018

Cited by 131 publications

References 0 publications

Constraints on Earth System Functioning at the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum From the Marine Silicon Cycle

Constraints on Earth System Functioning at the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum From the Marine Silicon Cycle

Terrestrial fluxes of carbon in GCP carbon budgets

Constraining Fossil Fuel CO₂ Emissions From Urban Area Using OCO‐2 Observations of Total Column CO₂

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Global Carbon Budget 2018

Cited by 131 publications

References 0 publications

Constraints on Earth System Functioning at the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum From the Marine Silicon Cycle

Constraints on Earth System Functioning at the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum From the Marine Silicon Cycle

Terrestrial fluxes of carbon in GCP carbon budgets

Constraining Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions From Urban Area Using OCO‐2 Observations of Total Column CO2

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Product

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Constraining Fossil Fuel CO₂ Emissions From Urban Area Using OCO‐2 Observations of Total Column CO₂