Global burning rate of square fire arrays: Experimental correlation and interpretation

Liu, Naian; Liu, Qiong; Lozano, Jesse S.; Shu, Li; Zhang, Linhe; Zhu, Jianqin; Deng, Zhihua; Satoh, Kohyu

doi:10.1016/j.proci.2008.06.086

Cited by 95 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…However, most of them [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] were conducted in open space to investigate the effects of fuel type, fire shape, size, number, spacing and array pattern on the mass loss rate (MLR), flame height, flame merging, heat feedback, fire whirl, etc.. For example, Weng et al [2] , Kamikawa et al [3] and Fukuda et al [4] studied the effects of fire spacing and heat release rate (HRR) http …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental study on flame merging behaviors from two pool fires along the longitudinal centerline of model tunnel with natural ventilation

Wan

Gao

et al. 2016

Combustion and Flame

100

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental study on flame merging behaviors from two pool fires along the longitudinal centerline of model tunnel with natural ventilation

Wan

Gao

et al. 2016

Combustion and Flame

100

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“…22) an increase in the fundamental key variable, the mass burning rate _ m″ f by a factor of between 2 and 4 as well as a clear increase in the maximum flame height H max . New experiments [14] show that the maximum flame height H max of multiple tank fires is markedly larger than H max of an individual fire of the same diameter d as the matrix of the multiple tank fires.…”

Section: New Estimation Of Relative Flame Heights By Multiple Tank Firesmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Only the fact is mentioned that the vegetation around the tank site (to the north and to the west), which was at a distance of ≈ 40 m from the seat of the fire was completely consumed by the fire. Directly opposite According to newest knowledge [14], a wide-ranging interaction takes place between multiple tank fires which also leads to an increase in the thermal radiation (see Section 5.3) With regard to the question of the thermal radiation in the Naples incident there is no information, even in [12], available.…”

Section: Thermal Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conclusions Drawn from the Buncefield and Naples Incidents Regarding the Utilization of Consequence Models

et al. 2009

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In both incidents, as a result of overfilling, a very large mass of winter gasoline (m f = 300 t in Buncefield, m f = 700 t in Naples) was released, which in both cases led to a major fire of several days duration and involved 22 of a total of 41 tanks (Buncefield) and 24 of a total of 31 tanks (Naples). Whilst the Buncefield site was unconfined or only slightly confined, the Naples site had a high degree of confinement due to walls, buildings as well as a high embankment. The most important, current consequence models as well as new consequence models for the prediction of the extraordinarily high flame heights, extraordinarily high thermal radiation as well as the extraordinarily high maximum peak overpressure are described and discussed. The analysis of the Buncefield incident so far has shown that the maximum visible relative flame height lies in the region of 2.5 < (H/d) max,Bunc < 6.5 and the predicted value lies in the region 1.8 < (H/d) max,calc < 1.9. For large, black smoky fires the estimation of the critical thermal separation distance is not dependent on the total fire, but on the height of a hot, clear burning zone. In addition, for multiple tank fires there is a considerable increase in the mass burning rate, the flame height, the surface emission power as well as the thermal separation distance. With the new consequence models maximum peak overpressures for an unconfined vapor cloud explosion (UVCE) of ≈ 1.3 bar (Buncefield) and of ≈ 1.5 bar (Naples) are predicted. For a partially confined vapor cloud explosion (VCE) a maximum peak overpressure of ≈ 3 bar for a jet ignition into a corridor is predicted.

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“…Insight into literature reveals that in 1960s some fundamental merging and the flame-height extension phenomena were studied by Baldwin [5] and Thomas et al [6]. In recent years, Liu et al [7][8][9] have examined the merging phenomena in multiple flames. They used the burn-out time data to characterize the interactions in square arrays, thereby the critical conditions for the merging were quantitatively determined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CFD Study of Huge Oil Depot Fires - Generation of Fire Merging and Fire Whirl in (7 x 7) Arrayed Oil Tanks

Satoh¹,

Liu²,

Xie³

et al. 2011

Fire Safety Science - Proceedings of the 10th International Sym

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One of the largest industrial fire disasters may occur in oil tank depots which store large amounts of oil. Many previous studies on the fire safety of oil tank depots have been related to the fire propagation from one single oil tank fire to the adjacent tank via radiation. However, single oil tank fire may cause a fire whirl in windy conditions, entraining much more ambient air and enhancing flame radiation, which may increase the possibility of fire propagation toward the neighboring tanks. In addition, when an oil depot storing a large amount of oil in tanks is subject to destructive earthquakes, merging fires and fire whirls may be generated, leading to disastrous consequences. In this work, the authors examined the fire merging and fire whirl behaviors in multiple huge oil tank fires by CFD simulations using FDS v4. The constant heat release rate model was employed and the effects of tank-to-tank distance, wind speed and heat release rate were examined. It was found that these parameters are important to cause fire merging and fire whirls, and at the same time, the conditions to cause fire merging and fire whirls lie in a limited range. Some relevant correlations were established. The results are expected to be useful for mitigating the disasters due to fire merging and fire whirls.KEYWORDS: CFD, fire merging, fire whirl, flame height, heat release rate, oil depot, oil fire. NOMENCLATURE LISTING

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Global burning rate of square fire arrays: Experimental correlation and interpretation

Cited by 95 publications

References 8 publications

Experimental study on flame merging behaviors from two pool fires along the longitudinal centerline of model tunnel with natural ventilation

Experimental study on flame merging behaviors from two pool fires along the longitudinal centerline of model tunnel with natural ventilation

Conclusions Drawn from the Buncefield and Naples Incidents Regarding the Utilization of Consequence Models

CFD Study of Huge Oil Depot Fires - Generation of Fire Merging and Fire Whirl in (7 x 7) Arrayed Oil Tanks

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