Global burden of obesity in 2005 and projections to 2030

Kelly, Tanika N.; Yang, Wei; Cs, Chen; Reynolds, Kristi; He, Jia

doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.102

Cited by 2,778 publications

(2,070 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In agreement with other studies worldwide[1,24] and in Iran [7,9,25], our findings show that the prevalences of obesity and abdominal obesity in women are higher than men; gender differences in food intake, physical activity level and psycho-socio-economic status may be responsible for this difference. For example, results of a survey showed that Tehranian women consume more sweets and simple sugars [26].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Obesity, general and abdominal, poses one of the greatest public health challenges for the 21st century with particularly alarming trends in several parts of the world [1]. Unhealthy diets and physical inactivity are the main contributors to overweight and obesity, which are among the leading risk factors for the major non-communicable diseases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most significant consequences for health of overweight and obesity include hypertension and hyperlipidaemia, coronary heart diseases, ischemic stroke, type 2 diabetes, certain kinds of cancer [2]. In 2005, the estimated total numbers of overweight and obese adults worldwide, were 937 million and 396 million respectively [1], numbers that have doubled in comparison to 20 years ago [3]; by 2030, these figures are projected to be 1.3 billion and 573 million for overweight and obese adults respectively [1]. Recently there is a greater emphasis on abdominal obesity, as compared with general obesity, in relation to the risk of incidence of non-communicable weigh-related diseases [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trends of obesity and abdominal obesity in Tehranian adults: a cohort study

et al. 2009

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BackgroundConsidering the increasing trend of obesity reported in current data, this study was conducted to examine trends of obesity and abdominal obesity among Tehranian adults during a median follow-up of 6.6 years.MethodsHeight and weight of 4402 adults, aged 20 years and over, participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS), were measured in 1999-2001(phase I) and again in 2002-2005(phase II) and 2006-2008 (phase III). Criteria used for obesity and abdominal obesity defined body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 and waist circumference ≥ 94/80 cm for men/women respectively. Subjects were divided into10-year groups and the prevalence of obesity was compared across sex and age groups.ResultsThe prevalence of obesity was 15.8, 18.6 and 21% in men and 31.5, 37.7 and 38.6% in women in phases I, II and III respectively (p < 0.001). The prevalence of abdominal obesity in men was 36.5, 57.2 and 63.3% and in women was 76.7, 83.8 and 83.6% in the three periods mentioned (p < 0.001). Men aged between 20-29 years had highest increase rates of obesity and abdominal obesity in phase III in comparison with phase I (with a respective rates of 2.2- and 3.3-fold). In both sexes, an increased trend was observed between phases I and II, whereas between phases II and III, this trend was observed in men, but not in women.ConclusionThis study demonstrates alarming rises in the prevalences of both obesity and abdominal obesity in both sexes especially in young men, calling for urgent action to educate people in lifestyle modifications.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trends of obesity and abdominal obesity in Tehranian adults: a cohort study

et al. 2009

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“…Relating our findings to global changes in lifestyles and patterns in obesity and diabetes, however, may help elucidate some of the causal pathways implicated in this process of unhealthy assimilation. 43,66,67 Intra-country migrants who move from rural to urban areas or who transition from poverty to affluence, for example, can take on more sedentary jobs, which are markedly different from their former labor-intensive work, and adopt less healthy diets. 68,69 Migrants whomove from their home country to the United States seeking better economic opportunities undergo similar, perhaps more dramatic changes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immigrant Generation and Diabetes Risk Among Mexican Americans: The Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging

et al. 2014

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Objectives We examined whether acculturation and immigrant generation, a marker for assimilation, are associated with diabetes risk in an aging Mexican-origin population. Methods We analyzed data on 1789 adults aged 60 to 101 years from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging. We ascertained type 2 diabetes on the basis of diabetic medication use, self-report of physician diagnosis, or a fasting glucose 126 milligrams/deciliter or greater. Logistic regression modeled prevalent diabetes. Results Adjusting for age and gender, we observed significant but divergent associations between immigrant generation, acculturation, and diabetes risk. Relative to first-generation adults, second-generation adults had an odds ratio OR) of 1.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4, 2.4) and third-generation adults had an OR of 2.1 (95% CI = 1.4, 3.1) of having diabetes. Greater US acculturation, however, was associated with a slightly decreased diabetes rate. In the full model adjusting for socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, the association between generation (but not acculturation) and diabetes remained significant. Conclusions Our study lends support to the previously contested notion that assimilation is associated with an increased diabetes risk in Mexican immigrants. Researchers should examine the presence of a causal link between assimilation and health more closely.

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“…The recent increase in the prevalence of obesity is widely recognized as constituting a major threat to health in most countries as obesity has reached epidemic proportions (4) . In Brazil in 2002-2003, the prevalence was 8?9 % for men and 13?1 % for women (5) .…”

Section: Obesity Epidemiology Spatial Risk Metabolic Complicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial distribution of the risk for metabolic complications: an application in south-east Brazil, 2006–2007

Nucci

Zangirolani

Mafra

et al. 2012

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To identify spatial variation in the risk for metabolic complications (RMC) by means of a semi-parametric approach for multinomial data. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: We visited 730 households selected in the first of a two-stage sample in South health district in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, 2006-2007. Subjects: We interviewed 651 individuals and obtained their respective anthropometric measures and geographical coordinates of their house location. They were classified according to a combination of BMI and abdominal circumference as having no risk, increased, high or very high RMC. Results: Gender, age and schooling were associated with RMC. Crude spatial risk for the three levels of RMC in relation to the absence of risk suggested different patterns in each level. Adjusted spatial risk for the RMC showed smaller significant areas, but the pattern remained similar to crude risk. Conclusions: Spatial point analysis with a multinomial approach improves the understanding of differences in RMC found, as we could identify specific areas in which to intervene. The public health significance of these findings may lie in the additional evidence provided that spatial location and its features can influence patterns of RMC. Keywords Obesity Epidemiology Spatial risk Metabolic complicationsThe recent increase in the prevalence of obesity is widely recognized as constituting a major threat to health in most countries as obesity has reached epidemic proportions (4) . In Brazil in 2002-2003, the prevalence was 8?9 % for men and 13?1 % for women (5) . Although developed countries present higher levels of obesity, developing countries also show increasing overweight prevalence, mainly as a consequence of the nutrition transition they are experiencing (6) . Brazil has continental dimensions and inequality is present all over the country. Trends show a shift in the prevalence from the higher to the lower socio-economic level in Brazil (7) and this change has contributed to the coexistence of an overweight person with an underweight person in the same household, called the 'dual burden' of disease (8)(9)(10) .The number of studies on obesity has increased significantly in the last decade, mainly due to the high risk that this condition leads to patients with other chronic diseases, such as diabetes and hypertension (11)(12)(13) . Although several individual-level risk factors for obesity have been identified, population rates of obesity are determined by a complex interplay of biological, social, environmental, behavioural and cultural factors, which collectively have created over decades an adverse environment for maintaining a healthy weight. A comprehensive understanding of how these factors interact is currently lacking (14,15) . Age, sex, socio-economic status, sedentary lifestyle and co-morbidities such as diabetes and hypertension have traditionally been studied as risk factors for overweight or obesity. However, investigations on the risk of obesity and its association with factors other than...

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Global burden of obesity in 2005 and projections to 2030

Cited by 2,778 publications

References 28 publications

Trends of obesity and abdominal obesity in Tehranian adults: a cohort study

Trends of obesity and abdominal obesity in Tehranian adults: a cohort study

Immigrant Generation and Diabetes Risk Among Mexican Americans: The Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging

Spatial distribution of the risk for metabolic complications: an application in south-east Brazil, 2006–2007

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