Global burden attributable to high sodium intake from 1990 to 2019

Chen, Xiangbo; Du, Jianqiang; Wu, Xiaoming; Cao, Wangnan; Sun, Shengzhi

doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2021.08.033

Cited by 32 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 27 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Based on the findings of the Global Burden Disease (GBD) study, in 2017, the high intake of sodium (>3 g/die) was responsible for three million deaths and 70 million disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) [ 9 ]. Despite the GBD observed an appreciable decrease of global age-standardized rates of death and DALY attributable to high sodium intake from 1990 to 2019, the total numbers of deaths and DALYs attributable to high sodium intake increased due to population growth and aging, especially in developed countries [ 10 ]. It was recently estimated that achieving the WHO target of 5 g of salt per day per adult by 2030 would avoid 87,870 cases of premature ischemic heart diseases, and 126,010 premature strokes by 2050 in the UK [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium Content in Cereal-Based Products Sold in Italy: How Far Are We from the Global Benchmarks?

Martini

Strazzullo²,

Serafini³

et al. 2022

Nutrients

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Reformulation of food products is one of the measures needed for reducing salt consumption. Accordingly, the World Health Organization (WHO) recently proposed global sodium benchmarks for different food categories to be used for setting national policies. Therefore, the sodium content of cereal-based products currently sold in Italy was compared with the WHO benchmarks, highlighting those categories primarily needing a reformulation. To this aim, the sodium content and several declarations (i.e., nutrition and health claims, organic or gluten free declaration) were retrieved from 2917 cereal-based products sold on the Italian market. All “minimally processed breakfast cereals” had a sodium content below the benchmark, while “flatbreads” and “leavened bread” had the highest percentage of items above the respective sodium benchmarks. Flatbreads and “crackers/savory biscuits” showed the highest median delta values from the respective benchmarks of 360 and 278 mg/100 g, respectively. Large variability in terms of percentage of products with sodium content above the benchmark was observed within the same categories, as well as among products with different declarations. A large number of food products currently sold on the Italian market have a sodium content above the benchmark. This result suggests the need to reformulate many food products currently on the market to achieve the WHO/United Nations (UN) objective of 30% global reduction in sodium intake by 2025.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium Content in Cereal-Based Products Sold in Italy: How Far Are We from the Global Benchmarks?

Martini

Strazzullo²,

Serafini³

et al. 2022

Nutrients

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…High-salt diet raises blood pressure (2) , triggers cardiovascular disease (3,4) and chronic kidney disease (5) and increases the risk of developing stomach cancer (6,7) . In 2019, approximately 1.9 million deaths worldwide were attributed to high-salt diet (1) , and the number of deaths attributed to the behavioural risk has increased by 42.8% in the last 30 years (8) . Moreover, the reduction of salt intake is one of the nine targets in the NCD Global Monitoring Framework (9) set by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2013.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salt intake reduction using umami substance-incorporated food: a secondary analysis of NHANES 2017–2018 data

Nomura

Tanaka²,

Eguchi

et al. 2022

Public Health Nutr.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective: Excessive salt intake raises blood pressure and increases the risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and stomach cancer. Reducing the sodium content of food is an important public health measure to control the NCDs. This study quantifies the amount of salt reduced by using umami substances, i.e., glutamate, inosinate, and guanylate, for adults in the United States (US). Design: The secondary data analysis was performed using data of the US nationally representative cross-sectional dietary survey, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2018. Per capita daily salt intake corresponding to the NHANES food groups was calculated in the four hypothetical scenarios of 0%, 30%, 60%, and 90% market share of low-sodium foods in the country. The salt reduction rates by using umami substances were estimated based on the previous study results. Setting: The United States Participants: 4,139 individuals aged 20 years and older in the US Results: Replacing salt with umami substances could help the US adults reduce salt intake by 7.31–13.53% (7.50–13.61% for women; 7.18–13.53% for men), which is equivalent to 0.61–1.13g/day (0.54–0.98g/day for women; 0.69–1.30g/day for men) without compromising the taste. Approximately, 21.21–26.04% of the US adults could keep their salt intake below 5 g/day, the World Health Organization’s recommendation in the scenario where there is no low-sodium product on the market. Conclusions: This study provides essential information that the use of umami substances as a substitute for salt may help reduce the US adults’ salt intake.

show abstract

“…In this environment characterised by increasing snacking, some studies and reports talk of significant increases in high sodium-related diseases and conditions. Between 2009 and 2019, the death burden and disability risks associated with increased sodium intake increased in both the developed and developing world [ 9 ]. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that globally 4.1 million people die because of sodium-related deaths.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salty and Savoury Snacks Compliance with 2016 and 2019 Sodium Content Targets—Durban Market, South Africa

Zama

Ramdass

Mokgohloa

2022

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

South Africans consume a significantly high amount of sodium from salty snacks. The study aimed to evaluate savoury snacks (ready-to-eat savoury snacks, flavoured potato crisps and flavoured ready-to-eat, savoury snacks and potato crisps—salt and vinegar only) for compliance with the June 2016 and 2019 target date for sodium reduction as set out by the Department of Health in Regulation 214. It also looked at low-sodium claims made by the evaluated products. The study’s research problem is located at the confluence of three critical trends: increasing consumption of sodium-containing salty snacks, increasing sodium-related disease burden and deaths and attempts to regulate sodium intake through regulation as a response. A total sample of 90 products belonging to the above categories was considered. Sodium content information was collected from the selected product packages. The study also applied the Association of Official Analytical Chemists’ (AOAC) official method 984.27 in laboratory tests to verify low-sodium claims on the sampled products. The study showed that out of the 90 selected snacks, 26% of the snacks did not meet their 2019 targets, while 4% did not meet their 2016 targets. Fisher’s exact tests showed that no snack category had a better inclination toward meeting 2019 tests than others. The laboratory tests showed that 4.4% of the products made a compliant low-sodium content claim (sodium levels below 120 mg Na/100 g), while one made a non-compliant sodium content claim. Among other things, the study recommended increased product compliance monitoring and evaluation, using standardised, rigorous sodium testing and measuring systems, using more consumer-friendly labels and consumer education on sodium labelling.

show abstract

Global burden attributable to high sodium intake from 1990 to 2019

Cited by 32 publications

References 27 publications

Sodium Content in Cereal-Based Products Sold in Italy: How Far Are We from the Global Benchmarks?

Sodium Content in Cereal-Based Products Sold in Italy: How Far Are We from the Global Benchmarks?

Salt intake reduction using umami substance-incorporated food: a secondary analysis of NHANES 2017–2018 data

Salty and Savoury Snacks Compliance with 2016 and 2019 Sodium Content Targets—Durban Market, South Africa

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About