Global Aspects of the Management and Control of Ticks of Veterinary Importance

McCosker, Philip

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-592202-9.50012-4

Cited by 63 publications

(35 citation statements)

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“…Introduction McKosker (1979) estimated the global costs of ticks and tick-borne diseases to agriculture was over $ 7 billion. Although this was a crude estimate using broad assumptions, there is no doubt that ticks have a great impact on agricultural productivity and tick control is a necessary part of cattle production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acaricide resistance mechanisms in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

Guerrero

Lovis

Martins

2012

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

194

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Acaricide resistance has become widespread in countries where cattle ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, are a problem. Resistance arises through genetic changes in a cattle tick population that causes modifications to the target site, increased metabolism or sequestration of the acaricide, or reduced ability of the acaricide to penetrate through the outer protective layers of the tick's body. We review the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of acaricide resistance that have been shown to be functional in R. (B.) microplus. From a mechanistic point of view, resistance to pyrethroids has been characterized to a greater degree than any other acaricide class. Although a great deal of research has gone into discovery of the mechanisms that cause organophosphate resistance, very little is defined at the molecular level and organophosphate resistance seems to be maintained through a complex and multifactorial process. The resistance mechanisms for other acaricides are less well understood. The target sites of fipronil and the macrocyclic lactones are known and resistance mechanism studies are in the early stages. The target site of amitraz has not been definitively identified and this is hampering mechanistic studies on this acaricide.Keywords: Cattle tick, resistance mechanisms, target site mutation, metabolism. ResumoA resistência aos acaricidas tornou-se amplamente difundida nos países onde os carrapatos bovinos, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, são um problema. A resistência surge por meio de alterações genéticas em uma população de carrapatos que causam modificações no local de ação, aumento do metabolismo ou sequestro do acaricida, ou ainda redução na capacidade do acaricida em penetrar através das camadas protetoras do corpo do carrapato. Neste artigo, foram revisados os mecanismos moleculares e bioquímicos da resistência aos acaricidas que ocorrem em R. (B.) microplus. A partir de um ponto de vista dos mecanismos envolvidos, a resistência aos piretróides tem sido caracterizada em maior grau do que em qualquer outra classe de acaricida. Embora uma grande quantidade de pesquisas têm sido direcionada para a descoberta de mecanismos que causam resistência aos organofosforados, muito pouco é conhecido ao nível molecular, e essa resistência parece ser mantida por intermédio de um processo multifatorial e complexo. Os mecanismos de resistência para os demais acaricidas são bem menos compreendidos. Os alvos de ação do fipronil e das lactonas macrocíclicas são conhecidos, e os estudos dos mecanismos de ação envolvidos estão ainda em estágios iniciais. O alvo de ação do amitraz ainda não foi definitivamente identificado, e isso é limitante aos estudos dos mecanismos envolvidos na resistência a esse acaricida.Palavras-chave: Carrapato bovino, mecanismos de resistência, mutação no local de ação, metabolismo.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acaricide resistance mechanisms in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

Guerrero

Lovis

Martins

2012

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

194

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“…Tick infestations and TBDs are the major impediment for the development and improvement of the livestock industry in Turkey, as well as in many other countries, and cause very serious economic losses of livestock by decreasing milk production, animal loss of weight, or increasing risk factors for bacterial and fungal infections as well as screw-worm attacks (3)(4)(5). Globally, it has been reported that 80% of 1.2 million cattle are at a risk of tick infestations and TBDs, causing losses of US $7 billion, annually (6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Current Status of Ticks in Turkey: A 100-Year Period Review from 1916 to 2016

İncı¹,

Yıldırım²,

Düzlü³

2016

TurkiyeParazitolDerg

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Environmental and bio-ecological changes, some administrative and political mistakes, and global warming seriously affect the behaviors of ticks in Turkey and globally. The global public sensitivity toward tick infestations has increased along with increases in tick-borne diseases (TBDs). Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) developed a new political concept, "One Health," for specific struggle strategies against tick infestations and TBDs. To highlight the importance of the issue, the WHO had declared the year 2015 for vector-borne diseases and adopted the slogan "small bites big threat". In global struggle strategies, the epidemiological aspects and dynamics of increasing tick populations and their effects on the incidence of the TBDs mainly with zoonotic characteristics have been specifically targeted. In Turkey, during the last century, approximately 47 tick species, including eight soft and 39 hard tick species in three and six genera belonging to Argasidae and Ixodidae, respectively, had already been reported. In this article, the recorded tick species, regional infestations, and medical and veterinary importance in Turkey were chronologically reviewed based on a 100-year period between 1916 and 2016. Keywords: A century-old period, current status, ticks, Turkey Received: 08.06.2016Accepted: 28.08.2016 ÖZTüm dünyada olduğu gibi Türkiye'de de çevresel ve biyo-ekolojik değişiklikler, bazı idari ve politik hatalar ile küresel ısınma kenelerin davranışlarını ciddi bir şekilde etkilemektedir. Kene enfestasyonlarına ve kene ile bulaşan hastalıklara karşı halkın duyarlılığı küresel manada artmıştır. Bu noktada son yıllarda Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO), keneler ve kenelerle bulaşan hastalıklara karşı spesifik mücadele stratejileri üzerine "Tek Sağlık" adı altında yeni bir konsept geliştirmiştir. Bu konunun önemini vurgulamak için WHO, 2015 yılını vektör-borne hastalıklar yılı olarak deklare etmiş ve "küçük ısırık büyük tehdit" şeklinde slogan geliştirmiştir. Küresel mücadele stratejileri arasında, kene popülasyon-larının artış dinamikleri ve epidemiyolojik bakış açısını açıkça ortaya koyma ve özellikle zoonotik karakterli kene kaynaklı hastalıkların insidensi üzerine kenelerin etkileri gibi konular özellikle hedef alınmıştır. Son yüzyılda Türkiye'de, argasidae ve ixodidae ailelerine ait sırasıyla üç ve altı soyda sekiz argasid ve otuz dokuz ixodid kene türünü kapsayan toplam kırk yedi kene türü rapor edilmiştir. Bu derlemede, Türkiye'de 1916 ve 2016 yılları arasındaki yüzyıllık periyotta, varlığı bildirilen kene türleri, bunların bölgesel ve mevsimsel dağılışları ile medikal ve veteriner önemleri gözden geçirilmiştir.

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“…McCosker (1979) estimated global costs of control and productivity losses to be some $7000 million annually. In Africa, with 186 million head of cattle, ticks and tickborne diseases are the most serious constraints to increased production (Stafford 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison between tick species collected in a controlled and control free area on a game ranch in South Africa

Schroder

Reilly

2013

J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc.

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Despite the large number of collection records, there are no recent collections of ixodid ticks of this magnitude in the Waterberg area, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Free-living ticks on a commercial game farm were obtained by a total of 432 drag-samples in eight sample sites from September 2003 to August 2008. The ticks were collected to establish the difference between tick species and densities associated with acaricide-controlled (semi-intensive) and controlfree areas on a game farm in the Thabazimbi District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. A total of eight tick species were collected, namely Amblyomma hebraeum, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus, Haemaphysalis elliptica, Hyalomma rufipes, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, Rhipicephalus zambeziensis and Rhipicephalus spp. The most abundant tick species collected was Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus. The difference in species and numbers reflects the effectiveness of acaricide treatment against ticks and its relevance to tick numbers on a game farm.

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Global Aspects of the Management and Control of Ticks of Veterinary Importance

Cited by 63 publications

References 4 publications

Acaricide resistance mechanisms in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

Acaricide resistance mechanisms in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

The Current Status of Ticks in Turkey: A 100-Year Period Review from 1916 to 2016

A comparison between tick species collected in a controlled and control free area on a game ranch in South Africa

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