Global and regional anthropogenic sulfur dioxide emissions

Smith, Steven J.; Pitcher, Hugh; Wigley, T. M. L.

doi:10.1016/s0921-8181(00)00057-6

Cited by 315 publications

(249 citation statements)

References 30 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

224

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The increasing aerosol trend has been explained by SO 2 and soot emissions, with an increase in SO 2 emissions of 35% per decade over the same region (22). Anthropogenic SO 2 and soot emissions in Asia are most important for the regional aerosol budget in the winter months because coal is burned as a main source of heat and energy, whereas dust and boreal fire smoke contributions are minimal during the year (14,22). The regions in the remote marine troposphere typically contain lower levels of sea-salt and sulfate aerosols (5), as also depicted in the TOMS aerosol measurements during the period of 1984-1994 over the Pacific (SI Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intensification of Pacific storm track linked to Asian pollution

Zhang

Fan

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

216

166

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intensification of Pacific storm track linked to Asian pollution

Zhang

Fan

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

216

166

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…We scaled the 1995-1999 values of the ABC forcing to the emission history of SO 2 (18) and BC (19) for India (see Fig. 1) and extrapolated it back in time to estimate the time history of the forcing from 1930 (Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1). The aerosols emissions before 1930 were very small (18,19) for the South Asian region, and to save computational time, we started the PCM runs from 1930 onward. The results are not sensitive to the absolute values of the emission because we are scaling the emission to its value for 1995-1999.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric brown clouds: Impacts on South Asian climate and hydrological cycle

Ramanathan

Chung

Kim

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

1,317

1,010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

South Asian emissions of fossil fuel SO2 and black carbon increased Ϸ6-fold since 1930, resulting in large atmospheric concentrations of black carbon and other aerosols. This period also witnessed strong negative trends of surface solar radiation, surface evaporation, and summer monsoon rainfall. These changes over India were accompanied by an increase in atmospheric stability and a decrease in sea surface temperature gradients in the Northern Indian Ocean. We conducted an ensemble of coupled oceanatmosphere simulations from 1930 to 2000 to understand the role of atmospheric brown clouds in the observed trends. The simulations adopt the aerosol radiative forcing from the Indian Ocean experiment observations and also account for global increases in greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosols. The simulated decreases in surface solar radiation, changes in surface and atmospheric temperatures over land and sea, and decreases in monsoon rainfall are similar to the observed trends. We also show that greenhouse gases and sulfates, by themselves, do not account for the magnitude or even the sign in many instances, of the observed trends. Thus, our simulations suggest that absorbing aerosols in atmospheric brown clouds may have played a major role in the observed regional climate and hydrological cycle changes and have masked as much as 50% of the surface warming due to the global increase in greenhouse gases. The simulations also raise the possibility that, if current trends in emissions continue, the subcontinent may experience a doubling of the drought frequency in the coming decades.aerosols ͉ black carbon ͉ regional climate change

show abstract

“…The first simulation uses pre-industrial (≈1870) emissions of aerosol particles and aerosol precursors. These include natural (Kettle and Andreae, 2000; Andres and Kasgnoc, 1998) and anthropogenic (Smith, et al, 2001(Smith, et al, , 2004 emissions of sulfur and soot from surface sources of biomass burning and fossil fuels (Ito and Penner, 2005), natural organic matter emissions based on a 9% conversion rate of the terpene carbon emissions from Guenther et al (2001) to organic matter (Penner et al, 2001), dust particles for the year 2000 (P. Ginoux, personal communication, 2004) generated using the algorithm of Ginoux et al (2001), and sea salt emissions generated internally in the model using the method of Gong et al (1997). The second uses natural and anthropogenic particle and precursor emissions for the present day (≈2000) for anthropogenic sulfur, anthropogenic soot from surface sources, and aircraft-generated soot.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possible influence of anthropogenic aerosols on cirrus clouds and anthropogenic forcing

et al. 2009

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Cirrus clouds have a net warming effect on the atmosphere and cover about 30% of the Earth's area. Aerosol particles initiate ice formation in the upper troposphere through modes of action that include homogeneous freezing of solution droplets, heterogeneous nucleation on solid particles immersed in a solution, and deposition nucleation of vapor onto solid particles. Here, we examine the possible change in ice number concentration from anthropogenic soot originating from surface sources of fossil fuel and biomass burning, from anthropogenic sulfate aerosols, and from aircraft that deposit their aerosols directly in the upper troposphere. We use a version of the aerosol model that predicts sulfate number and mass concentrations in 3-modes and includes the formation of sulfate aerosol through homogeneous binary nucleation as well as a version that only predicts sulfate mass. The 3-mode version best represents the Aitken aerosol nuclei number concentrations in the upper troposphere which dominated ice crystal residues in the upper troposphere. Fossil fuel and biomass burning soot aerosols with this version exert a radiative forcing of −0.3 to −0.4 Wm −2 while anthropogenic sulfate aerosols and aircraft aerosols exert a forcing of −0.01 to 0.04 Wm −2 and −0.16 to −0.12 Wm −2 , respectively, where the range represents the forcing from two parameterizations for ice nucleation. The sign of the forcing in the mass-only version of the model depends on which ice nucleation parameterization is used and can be either positive or negative. The magnitude of Correspondence to: J. E. Penner (penner@umich.edu) the forcing in cirrus clouds can be comparable to the forcing exerted by anthropogenic aerosols on warm clouds, but this forcing has not been included in past assessments of the total anthropogenic radiative forcing of climate.

show abstract

Global and regional anthropogenic sulfur dioxide emissions

Cited by 315 publications

References 30 publications

Intensification of Pacific storm track linked to Asian pollution

Intensification of Pacific storm track linked to Asian pollution

Atmospheric brown clouds: Impacts on South Asian climate and hydrological cycle

Possible influence of anthropogenic aerosols on cirrus clouds and anthropogenic forcing

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About