Global Analysis of the General Stress Response of Bacillus subtilis

Abstract

Gene arrays containing all currently known open reading frames of Bacillus subtilis were used to examine the general stress response of Bacillus. By proteomics, transcriptional analysis, transposon mutagenesis, and consensus promoter-based screening, 75 genes had previously been described as sigma(B)-dependent general stress genes. The present gene array-based analysis confirmed 62 of these already known general stress genes and detected 63 additional genes subject to control by the stress sigma factor sigma(B). At least 24 of these 125 sigma(B)-dependent genes seemed to be subject to a second, sigma(B)-independent stress induction mechanism. Therefore, this transcriptional profiling revealed almost four times as many regulon members as the proteomic approach, but failure of confirmation of all known members of the sigma(B) regulon indicates that even this approach has not yet elucidated the entire regulon. Most of the sigma(B)-dependent general stress proteins are probably located in the cytoplasm, but 25 contain at least one membrane-spanning domain, and at least 6 proteins appear to be secreted. The functions of most of the newly described genes are still unknown. However, their classification as sigma(B)-dependent stress genes argues that their products most likely perform functions in stress management and help to provide the nongrowing cell with multiple stress resistance. A comprehensive screening program analyzing the multiple stress resistance of mutants with mutations in single stress genes is in progress. The first results of this program, showing the diminished salt resistance of yjbC and yjbD mutants compared to that of the wild type, are presented. Only a few new sigma(B)-dependent proteins with already known functions were found, among them SodA, encoding a superoxide dismutase. In addition to analysis of the sigma(B)-dependent general stress regulon, a comprehensive list of genes induced by heat, salt, or ethanol stress in a sigma(B)-independent manner is presented. Perhaps the most interesting of the sigma(B)-independent stress phenomena was the induction of the extracytoplasmic function sigma factor sigma(W) and its entire regulon by salt shock.

MecA, an adaptor protein necessary for ClpC chaperone activity

“…Unlike the synthesis of clpC or clpP mRNA, neither mecA nor ypbH transcription is heat shock-regulated (41)(42)(43). However, it was already observed in vivo and in vitro that MecA is also a ClpCP substrate (23,44).…”

Repeated triggering of sporulation in Bacillus subtilis selects against a protein that affects the timing of cell division

“…Hypothetical protein BmrU, however, may not be essential for this multidrug-resistance system (Petersohn et al, 1999;Petersohn et al, 2001), therefore it may be a phenotypically silent mutation. yku (encoding a hypothetical thiol:disulfide oxidoreductase) and sigV contain SNPs, therefore it is uncertain how the functions of these proteins are affected.…”

“…The remaining mutated genes are bmrU, yhaU and sigV. bmrU is part of an operon-encoding multidrug transporter Bmr and regulator BmrR and is expressed, for example, under glucose starvation (Petersohn et al, 1999;Petersohn et al, 2001), yhaU encodes a K þ /H þ antiporter for K þ efflux (Fujisawa et al, 2007) and sigV encodes one of seven extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors and is related to cell envelope homeostasis and antibiotic resistance (Mascher et al, 2007;Hashimoto et al, 2009Hashimoto et al, , 2013Matsuoka et al, 2011).…”

Structural and Functional Characterization of Partner Switching Regulating the Environmental Stress Response in Bacillus subtilis

“…In B. subtilis the general stress regulon comprises ϳ150 genes (3,4), the protein products of which confer multiple resistances onto the cell. The general stress regulon is controlled by the alternative sigma factor, B (5)(6)(7)(8)(9).…”