Glioblastoma: exosome and microRNA as novel diagnosis biomarkers

Abstract

Glioblastoma (GBM) is known as a tumor type, which arises from astrocytes. Several studies indicated that GBM tumor cells are malignant. This is because of the fact that they consist of different cell types, which are reproducing very quickly and are also supported by a large network of blood vessels. The correct identification of various stages of GBM could help to better treat the patients with this disease. Therefore, new biomarkers such as exosomes and microRNAs (miRNAs) may help us to learn more about GBM and they may also lead to a more effective treatment for patients with GBM. Exosomes have emerged as biological vehicles, which can perform various tasks in carcinogenesis pathways such as PI3K/AKT, SOX2, PTEN, ERK, and STAT3. The miRNAs are known as small noncoding RNAs that are involved in several GBM pathogenic events. These molecules have key roles in various biological processes such as angiogenesis, metastasis and tumor growth. In this study, we highlighted various exosomes and miRNAs that could be used for diagnosis and/or prognosis biomarkers in patients with GBM.

Exosomal miRNAs and miRNA dysregulation in cancer-associated fibroblasts

“…Previous studies reported that miRNAs might serve as a tool for cancer diagnosis [9], and dysregulation of miRNA expression could be used for patient prognosis [10]. In recent years, with the progress witnessed in exosome assessment, use of miRNA as a biomarker or therapeutic tool in clinical practice has become a reality [11, 12]. …”

Circulating microRNAs as potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in prostate cancer: Current status and future perspectives

“…Most candidate miRNAs for therapeutics are still in the preclinical phases of research . However, increasing evidence indicated that miRNAs could be used as prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic biomarkers in several diseases …”

Teeth‐derived stem cells: A source for cell therapy

“…Several studies revealed that miRNAs play a key role in activation or inactivation of many genes related to cell differentiation of dental tissue stem cells such as angiogenic differentiation, osteogenic, and odontogenic (Wang et al, ). MiRNAs have different expressions in various cell populations (Fathullahzadeh et al, ; Mohammadi et al, ; Mirzaei et al, ; Mirzaei et al, ; Salarinia et al, ; Saadatpour et al, ). These differential expressions could lead to the maintenance of the stem cell phenotype or differentiation capacity.…”