Glioanatomy assessed by cell–cell interactions and phagocytotic labelling

Thanos, Solon; Fischer, Dietmar; Pavlidis, Mitrofanis; Heiduschka, Peter; Bodeutsch, Nicole

doi:10.1016/s0165-0270(00)00294-6

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…They are incorporated into the cell membrane and subsequently actively transported within cells through the axons as the lipids are recycled. 56 Hydrophilic dyes, such as rhodamine dextran, have also been used in primate retina to visualise RGCs. 57 Previously, most retrograde labels were used ex vivo; however, increasingly more studies have been successfully using this method in vivo.…”

Section: Imaging Healthy Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…18,44,58 Their commonest method of application involves injection high up in the visual pathway, where they then travel up the length of the RGC axon to reach the cell body within the retina. 56,[59][60][61] This mode of application is commonly used to study experimental glaucoma. 18,44,58,62 In a chronic ocular hypertensive model of neurodegeneration, RGCs were fluorescently labelled by directly injecting DiI into the rat superior colliculi.…”

Section: Imaging Healthy Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Advances in retinal ganglion cell imaging

Balendra¹,

Normando

Bloom

et al. 2015

Eye

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Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide and will affect 79.6 million people worldwide by 2020. It is caused by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), predominantly via apoptosis, within the retinal nerve fibre layer and the corresponding loss of axons of the optic nerve head. One of its most devastating features is its late diagnosis and the resulting irreversible visual loss that is often predictable. Current diagnostic tools require significant RGC or functional visual field loss before the threshold for detection of glaucoma may be reached. To propel the efficacy of therapeutics in glaucoma, an earlier diagnostic tool is required. Recent advances in retinal imaging, including optical coherence tomography, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, and adaptive optics, have propelled both glaucoma research and clinical diagnostics and therapeutics. However, an ideal imaging technique to diagnose and monitor glaucoma would image RGCs non-invasively with high specificity and sensitivity in vivo. It may confirm the presence of healthy RGCs, such as in transgenic models or retrograde labelling, or detect subtle changes in the number of unhealthy or apoptotic RGCs, such as detection of apoptosing retinal cells (DARC). Although many of these advances have not yet been introduced to the clinical arena, their successes in animal studies are enthralling. This review will illustrate the challenges of imaging RGCs, the main retinal imaging modalities, the in vivo techniques to augment these as specific RGC-imaging tools and their potential for translation to the glaucoma clinic.

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Section: Imaging Healthy Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Imaging Healthy Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in retinal ganglion cell imaging

Balendra¹,

Normando

Bloom

et al. 2015

Eye

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“…Interestingly, at 7 days post injection, we find the labeling of microglia. This can be explained as reminiscent of transcellular transfer of dyes to microglia by phagocytosis of retrogradely labeled cells, as observed in other systems (Thanos et al, 2000 ). Together this data suggests that microglia is actively phagocytizing RGs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Ontogeny of CX3CR1-EGFP expressing cells unveil microglia as an integral component of the postnatal subventricular zone

Xavier

Lima

Menezes

2015

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

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The full spectrum of cellular interactions within CNS neurogenic niches is still poorly understood. Only recently has the monocyte counterpart of the nervous system, the microglial cells, been described as an integral cellular component of neurogenic niches. The present study sought to characterize the microglia population in the early postnatal subventricular zone (SVZ), the major site of postnatal neurogenesis, as well as in its anterior extension, the rostral migratory stream (RMS), a pathway for neuroblasts during their transit toward the olfactory bulb (OB) layers. Here we show that microglia within the SVZ/RMS pathway are not revealed by phenotypic markers that characterize microglia in other regions. Analysis of the transgenic mice strain that has one locus of the constitutively expressed fractalkine CX3CR1 receptor replaced by the gene encoding the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) circumvented the antigenic plasticity of the microglia, thus allowing us to depict microglia within the SVZ/RMS pathway during early development. Notably, microglia within the early SVZ/RMS are not proliferative and display a protracted development, retaining a more immature morphology than their counterparts outside germinal layers. Furthermore, microglia contact and phagocyte radial glia cells (RG) processes, thereby playing a role on the astroglial transformation that putative stem cells within the SVZ niche undergo during the first postnatal days.

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“…It may be hypothesised that the microglial cells release phagocytosed material into the blood circulation (see, e.g., Fig. 5 in [25]), however, such a mechanism has yet to be proven in our model.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Sub-Retinal Injection of Human Lipofuscin in the Mouse - A Model of “Dry” Age-Related Macular Degeneration?

Su¹,

Hansen²,

Plagemann³

et al. 2023

Aging and disease

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Lipofuscin (LF) accumulates during lifetime in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and is thought to play a crucial role in intermediate and late age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In an attemt to simulate aged retina and to study response of retinal microglia and RPE cells to LF, we injected a suspension of LF into the subretinal space of adult mice. LF suspension was obtained from human donor eyes. Subretinal injection of PBS or sham injection served as a control. Eyes were inspected by autofluorescence and optical coherence tomography, by electroretinography and on histological and ultrastructural levels. Levels of cytokine mRNA were determined by quantitative PCR separately in the RPE/choroid complex and in the retina. After injection of LF, microglial cells migrated quickly into the subretinal space to close proximity to RPE cells and phagocytosed LF particles. Retinal function was affected only slightly by LF within the first two weeks. After longer time, RPE cells showed clear signs of melanin loss and degradation. Levels of mRNA of inflammatory cytokines increased sharply after injection of both PBS and LF and were higher in the RPE/choroid complex than in the retina and were slightly higher after LF injection. In conclusion, subretinal injection of LF causes an activation of microglial cells and their migration into subretinal space, enhanced expression of inflammatory cytokines and a gradual degradation of RPE cells. These features are found also in an aging retina, and subretinal injection of LF could be a model for intermediate and late AMD

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Glioanatomy assessed by cell–cell interactions and phagocytotic labelling

Cited by 10 publications

References 34 publications

Advances in retinal ganglion cell imaging

Advances in retinal ganglion cell imaging

Ontogeny of CX3CR1-EGFP expressing cells unveil microglia as an integral component of the postnatal subventricular zone

Sub-Retinal Injection of Human Lipofuscin in the Mouse - A Model of “Dry” Age-Related Macular Degeneration?

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