Glimpsing Alexandria from archaeological evidence

AN ANALYSIS OF THE ‘CLOSED HARBOURS’ IN STRABO'S GEOGRAPHY: BACKGROUND, NATURE AND MEANING OF THE EXPRESSION

“…11.Plan of Alexandria, with the submerged reefs, the Heptastadium , the two main harbour areas and the four basins inside the Eastern Harbour (the Great Harbour). After McKenzie 2003, fig. 2; the numbering of the basins inside the Eastern Harbour follows Belov 2015, fig.…”

“… 31 The Heptastadium was a mole built in 280–270 BC, probably as part of the same harbour works as the lighthouse; see McKenzie 2003.…”

Alexandrian Public Architecture Reconsidered ; The Ptolemies, Egypt and Roman Monumental Interventions, A Reassessment Based on Recent Underwater Discoveries

“…23 For a list of Sarapeion's Pharaonica see Bianchi, R. S., 2012: Appendix I. 24 Empereur, J. Y., 1995;1996;1996b. 25 Isis in the role of the 'mistress of the sea', known also as Pelagia, was popular in the Mediterranean, especially in the Aegean (e.g.…”

Alexandria, Egypt, before Alexander the Great: A multidisciplinary approach yields rich discoveries

“…in the area subsequently developed as Alexandria. Rhakotis has been vaguely alluded to as a modest fishing village of little significance, a more substantial walled center, or possibly a fortified settlement (Fraser, 1972;Empereur, 1998;Baines, 2003;McKenzie, 2003;Ashton, 2004). The modern city of Alexandria, with nearly four million inhabitants and an extensive cover of municipal and industrial construction, has almost entirely buried the remains of earlier habitation (Empereur, 1998).…”