Glial modulation of synaptic transmission in the retina

Newman, Eric A.

doi:10.1002/glia.20030

Cited by 125 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(64 reference statements)

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“…Experiments conducted in the retina have shown a suppression of neuronal activity resulting from astrocytic purinergic signalling [47][48][49]. Stimulation of photoreceptors in retinal wholemounts leads to glial calcium signalling [48,50] and subsequent ATP release from Mü ller cells [37,51]. Released ATP is degraded to adenosine, which then acts on A 1 receptors to suppress neuronal activity (figure 2).…”

Section: Astrocytic Regulation Of Atp At Synapsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Astrocytic adenosine: from synapses to psychiatric disorders

Hines

Haydon

2014

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Although it is considered to be the most complex organ in the body, the brain can be broadly classified into two major types of cells, neuronal cells and glial cells. Glia is a general term that encompasses multiple types of non-neuronal cells that function to maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons. Astrocytes, a major class of glial cell, have historically been viewed as passive support cells, but recently it has been discovered that astrocytes participate in signalling activities both with the vasculature and with neurons at the synapse. These cells have been shown to release D-serine, TNF-a, glutamate, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and ATP among other signalling molecules. ATP and its metabolites are well established as important signalling molecules, and astrocytes represent a major source of ATP release in the nervous system. Novel molecular and genetic tools have recently shown that astrocytic release of ATP and other signalling molecules has a major impact on synaptic transmission. Via actions at the synapse, astrocytes have now been shown to regulate complex network signalling in the whole organism with impacts on respiration and the sleep-wake cycle. In addition, new roles for astrocytes are being uncovered in psychiatric disorders, and astrocyte signalling mechanisms represents an attractive target for novel therapeutic agents.

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Section: Astrocytic Regulation Of Atp At Synapsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Astrocytic adenosine: from synapses to psychiatric disorders

Hines

Haydon

2014

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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“…To determine PMCA2 expression in radial glia that envelop the synaptic terminals of rods and cones (Sarantis and Mobbs, 1992) and regulate development (Rich et al, 1995) and visual responses of retinal neurons (Newman, 2004), retinas were immunostained with the Müller cell marker glutamine synthetase. PMCA2 partially colocalized with glutamine synthetase at the level of the outer limiting membrane (Fig.…”

Section: Pmca2 Is Abundant In the Retina But Is Not Required For Normmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scotopic Visual Signaling in the Mouse Retina Is Modulated by High-Affinity Plasma Membrane Calcium Extrusion

et al. 2006

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Transmission of visual signals at the first retinal synapse is associated with changes in calcium concentration in photoreceptors and bipolar cells. We investigated how loss of plasma membrane Ca 2ϩ ATPase isoform 2 (PMCA2), the calcium transporter isoform with the highest affinity for Ca 2ϩ /calmodulin, affects transmission of rod-and cone-mediated responses. PMCA2 expression in the neuroblast layer was observed soon after birth; in the adult, PMCA2 was expressed in inner segments and synaptic terminals of rod photoreceptors, in rod bipolar cells, and in most inner retinal neurons but was absent from cones. To determine the role of PMCA2 in retinal signaling, we compared morphology and light responses of retinas from control mice and deafwaddler dfw 2J mice, which lack functional PMCA2 protein. The cytoarchitecture of retinas from control and dfw 2J mice was indistinguishable at the light microscope level. Suction electrode recordings revealed no difference in the sensitivity or amplitude of outer segment light responses of control and dfw 2J rods. However, rod-mediated ERG b-wave responses in dfw 2J mice were ϳ45% smaller and significantly slower than those of control mice. Furthermore, recordings from individual rod bipolar cells showed that the sensitivity of transmission at the rod output synapse was reduced by ϳ50%. No changes in the amplitude or timing of cone-mediated ERG responses were observed. These results suggest that PMCA2-mediated Ca 2ϩ extrusion modulates the amplitude and timing of the high-sensitivity rod pathway to a much greater extent than that of the cone pathway.

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“…First demonstrated in astrocyte/neuron co-cultures (Parpura et al, 1994;Araque et al, 1998a;Araque et al, 1998b) and later in brain slices (Pasti et al, 1997;Kang et al, 1998), the release of transmitters from glial cells can have a significant influence on neuronal activity. Glial cells have also been shown to modulate neuronal function in the retina (Newman, 2004), which is a useful preparation for studying glia-neuron signaling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A dialogue between glia and neurons in the retina: modulation of neuronal excitability

Newman

2004

Neuron Glia Biol.

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Bidirectional signaling between neurons and glial cells has been demonstrated in brain slices and is believed to mediate glial modulation of synaptic transmission in the CNS. Our laboratory has characterized similar neuron-glia signaling in the mammalian retina. We find that light-evoked neuronal activity elicits Ca 2+ increases in Müller cells, which are specialized retinal glial cells. Neuron to glia signaling is likely mediated by the release of ATP from neurons and is potentiated by adenosine. Glia to neuron signaling has also been observed and is mediated by several mechanisms. Stimulation of glial cells can result in either facilitation or depression of synaptic transmission. Release of D-serine from Müller cells might also potentiate NMDA receptor transmission. Müller cells directly inhibit ganglion cells by releasing ATP, which, following hydrolysis to adenosine, activates neuronal A 1 receptors. The existence of bidirectional signaling mechanisms indicates that glial cells participate in information processing in the retina.

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Glial modulation of synaptic transmission in the retina

Cited by 125 publications

References 29 publications

Astrocytic adenosine: from synapses to psychiatric disorders

Astrocytic adenosine: from synapses to psychiatric disorders

Scotopic Visual Signaling in the Mouse Retina Is Modulated by High-Affinity Plasma Membrane Calcium Extrusion

A dialogue between glia and neurons in the retina: modulation of neuronal excitability

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