Glial Cells Promote Myelin Formation and Elimination

Hughes, Alexandria

doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.661486

Cited by 30 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 219 publications

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“…The axo-myelin interaction is so close that, by itself, it constitutes a functional unit with a complex and deeply intermingled physiology. However, both astrocytes and microglia interact with axo-myelin units and influence their function[ 176 - 179 ]. Metabolic homeostasis and de novo formation or plasticity of myelin internodes and nodes of Ranvier are modulated by astrocytes and microglia.…”

Section: Perspectives: Myelination Is Not An Exclusive Oligodendrogli...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into myelin dysfunction in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Valdés-Tovar¹,

Rodríguez-Ramírez²,

Rodríguez-Cárdenas³

et al. 2022

WJP

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Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are disabling psychiatric disorders with a worldwide prevalence of approximately 1%. Both disorders present chronic and deteriorating prognoses that impose a large burden, not only on patients but also on society and health systems. These mental illnesses share several clinical and neurobiological traits; of these traits, oligodendroglial dysfunction and alterations to white matter (WM) tracts could underlie the disconnection between brain regions related to their symptomatic domains. WM is mainly composed of heavily myelinated axons and glial cells. Myelin internodes are discrete axon-wrapping membrane sheaths formed by oligodendrocyte processes. Myelin ensheathment allows fast and efficient conduction of nerve impulses through the nodes of Ranvier, improving the overall function of neuronal circuits. Rapid and precisely synchronized nerve impulse conduction through fibers that connect distant brain structures is crucial for higher-level functions, such as cognition, memory, mood, and language. Several cellular and subcellular anomalies related to myelin and oligodendrocytes have been found in postmortem samples from patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, and neuroimaging techniques have revealed consistent alterations at the macroscale connectomic level in both disorders. In this work, evidence regarding these multilevel alterations in oligodendrocytes and myelinated tracts is discussed, and the involvement of proteins in key functions of the oligodendroglial lineage, such as oligodendrogenesis and myelination, is highlighted. The molecular components of the axo-myelin unit could be important targets for novel therapeutic approaches to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

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Section: Perspectives: Myelination Is Not An Exclusive Oligodendrogli...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into myelin dysfunction in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Valdés-Tovar¹,

Rodríguez-Ramírez²,

Rodríguez-Cárdenas³

et al. 2022

WJP

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show abstract

“…Recent studies have shown that the complex interconnections between glial cells and immune cells play a crucial role in the maintenance of CNS homeostasis, inflammation, and neuropathic pain 19 . Astrocytes reversibly regulate the demyelination and remyelination of myelinated nerve fibers during nerve injury by secreting different cytokines 20 . CCL2 and CXCL10, which are produced by reactive astrocytes, can recruit lymphocytes in the peripheral blood to the CNS, and astrocytes provide nutritional support for these infiltrating immune cells 21 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flow cytometry analysis of immune and glial cells in a trigeminal neuralgia rat model

Lin

Zhou

Luo

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Microvascular compression of the trigeminal root entry zone (TREZ) is the main cause of most primary trigeminal neuralgia (TN), change of glial plasticity was previously studied in the TREZ of TN rat model induced by chronic compression. To better understand the role of astrocytes and immune cells in the TREZ, different cell markers including glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), complement C3, S100A10, CD45, CD11b, glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST), Iba-1 and TMEM119 were used in the TN rat model by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. On the post operation day 28, GFAP/C3-positive A1 astrocytes and GFAP/S100A10-positive A2 astrocytes were activated in the TREZ after compression injury, there were no statistical differences in the ratios of A1/A2 astrocytes between the sham and TN groups. There was no significant difference in Iba-1-positive cells between the two groups. The ratios of infiltrating lymphocytes (CD45+CD11b−) (p = 0.0075) and infiltrating macrophages (CD45highCD11b+) (p = 0.0388) were significantly higher than those of the sham group. In conclusion, different subtypes A1/A2 astrocytes in the TREZ were activated after compression injury, infiltrating macrophages and lymphocytes increased, these neuroimmune cells in the TREZ may participate in the pathogenesis of TN rat model.

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“…FGF2, via the acti-vation of the extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) 1/2, targets the transcription factor Myrf, in addition to activating the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mTOR pathway [45]. The variability of myelin is also dependent on other glial cells, i.e., astrocytes, microglia, and cell types of the vasculature, by providing materials for myelin building and promoting the differentiation of oligodendrocytes [46].…”

Section: Oligodendrocyte Differentiation Maturation and Myelinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Links among Maternal Diet, Myelination, and Depression: Preclinical and Clinical Overview

Smaga

2022

Cells

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Depression is one of the most common mental disorders in the general population, and multiple mechanisms are involved in the etiology of this disease, including myelination. According to the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis, maternal diet affects the lifetime of the individual during adulthood and may contribute to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. Additionally, the intensive processes of myelination contribute to the development of the central nervous system in the perinatal period, while any alterations during this crucial process providing the physiological functioning of neurons may lead to neuropsychiatric disorders in the next generation. The present review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of the myelin-related changes in depression, as well as the crosstalk among maternal malnutrition, myelination, and depression in preclinical and clinical settings.

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Glial Cells Promote Myelin Formation and Elimination

Cited by 30 publications

References 219 publications

Insights into myelin dysfunction in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Insights into myelin dysfunction in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Flow cytometry analysis of immune and glial cells in a trigeminal neuralgia rat model

Understanding the Links among Maternal Diet, Myelination, and Depression: Preclinical and Clinical Overview

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