Glial Cells in Neural Development

Trébuchet, Guillaume; Giangrande, Angela

doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0023740

Cited by 4 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…9A-DЉ). Since Sn is involved in motility (Zanet et al, 2009), this phenotype matches the observation that cortex glia are more motile in repo mutant embryos (Shklyar et al, 2014). As in the assays performed on ectopic glia, we also found Sn-expressing cells that correspond to hemocytes migrating into the defective nervous system (Sn-positive/GFP-negative cells; Fig.…”

Section: Repo Represses the Expression Of Hemocyte Markers In Endogensupporting

confidence: 86%

“…7BЈ-Bٞ,DЈ,Dٞ, empty arrowheads). These cells likely represent hemocytes that have moved into a neural tissue that is no longer properly formed/insulated (Shklyar et al, 2014).…”

Section: Repo Represses the Expression Of Hemocyte Markers In Ectopicmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because the GFP of the srp(hemo)ϾGFP line is localized at the membrane and the RFP of the repo-nRFP line in the nucleus, we could not formally exclude the possibility that hemocytes invaded the mutant nervous system and engulfed the presumptive glia. We hence used the anti-Srp antibody and analyzed the mutant ventral cord upon subdividing it in two parts along the z-axis, following the approach described by Shklyar et al (2014). The ventral part mainly contains cortex glial cells, and the dorsal part mainly contains neuropil-associated glial cells (Ito et al, 1995) in which astrocyte-like and ensheathing glia can be distinguished (Fig.…”

Section: Repo Represses the Expression Of Hemocyte Markers In Endogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the nervous system, Gcm induces the expression of the reverse polarity (Repo) homeodomain containing transcription factor in all the glial cells. Repo is necessary for the execution of the glial differentiation program (Yuasa et al, 2003), and embryos lacking Repo do not express late markers (Halter et al, 1995), including the scavenger receptor Draper (Drpr; Shklyar et al, 2014). As a consequence, repo mutant glial cells are not functional and have defective phagocytic activity (Shklyar et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Repo Homeodomain Transcription Factor Suppresses Hematopoiesis inDrosophilaand Preserves the Glial Fate

et al. 2018

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Despite their different origins, Drosophila glia and hemocytes are related cell populations that provide an immune function. Drosophila hemocytes patrol the body cavity and act as macrophages outside the nervous system, whereas glia originate from the neuroepithelium and provide the scavenger population of the nervous system. Drosophila glia are hence the functional orthologs of vertebrate microglia, even though the latter are cells of immune origin that subsequently move into the brain during development. Interestingly, the Drosophila immune cells within (glia) and outside (hemocytes) the nervous system require the same transcription factor glial cells deficient/glial cells missing (Glide/Gcm) for their development. This raises the issue of how do glia specifically differentiate in the nervous system, and hemocytes in the procephalic mesoderm. The Repo homeodomain transcription factor and panglial direct target of Glide/Gcm is known to ensure glial terminal differentiation. Here we show that Repo also takes center stage in the process that discriminates between glia and hemocytes. First, Repo expression is repressed in the hemocyte anlagen by mesoderm-specific factors. Second, Repo ectopic activation in the procephalic mesoderm is sufficient to repress the expression of hemocyte-specific genes. Third, the lack of Repo triggers the expression of hemocyte markers in glia. Thus, a complex network of tissue-specific cues biases the potential of Glide/Gcm. These data allow us to revise the concept of fate determinants and help us to understand the bases of cell specification. Both sexes were analyzed.

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Section: Repo Represses the Expression Of Hemocyte Markers In Endogensupporting

confidence: 86%

“…7BЈ-Bٞ,DЈ,Dٞ, empty arrowheads). These cells likely represent hemocytes that have moved into a neural tissue that is no longer properly formed/insulated (Shklyar et al, 2014).…”

Section: Repo Represses the Expression Of Hemocyte Markers In Ectopicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Repo Represses the Expression Of Hemocyte Markers In Endogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Repo Homeodomain Transcription Factor Suppresses Hematopoiesis inDrosophilaand Preserves the Glial Fate

et al. 2018

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“…In Drosophila, the Gcm/ Glide gene (gcm in the following text) codes for a potent transcription factor of the Zinc finger family that is expressed in the glial lineages (reviewed in Trebuchet and Giangrande, 2012). Its role is to dictate the choice between neurons and glia in multipotent neural precursors, as most glia are converted into neurons in animals lacking the gcm gene (Hosoya et al, 1995;Jones et al, 1995;Vincent et al, 1996;Miller et al, 1998;Flici et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Gcm/Glide molecular and cellular pathway: New actors and new lineages

Laneve¹,

Delaporte²,

Trébuchet³

et al. 2013

Developmental Biology

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In Drosophila, the transcription factor Gcm/Glide plays a key role in cell fate determination and cellular differentiation. In light of its crucial biological impact, major efforts have been put for analyzing its properties as master regulator, from both structural and functional points of view. However, the lack of efficient antibodies specific to the Gcm/Glide protein precluded thorough analyses of its regulation and activity in vivo. In order to relieve such restraints, we designed an epitope-tagging approach to "FLAG"-recognize and analyze the functional protein both in vitro (exogenous Gcm/Glide) and in vivo (endogenous protein). We here (i) reveal a tight interconnection between the small RNA and the Gcm/Glide pathways. AGO1 and miR-1 are Gcm/Glide targets whereas miR-279 negatively controls Gcm/Glide expression (ii) identify a novel cell population, peritracheal cells, expressing and requiring Gcm/Glide. Peritracheal cells are non-neuronal neurosecretory cells that are essential in ecdysis. In addition to emphasizing the importance of following the distribution and the activity of endogenous proteins in vivo, this study provides new insights and a novel frame to understand the Gcm/Glide biology.

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Cell-free oxidized hemoglobin drives reactive oxygen species production and pro-inflammation in an immature primary rat mixed glial cell culture

Agyemang

Kvist

Brinkman

et al. 2021

J Neuroinflammation

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Background Germinal matrix intraventricular hemorrhage (GM-IVH) is associated with deposition of redox active cell-free hemoglobin (Hb), derived from hemorrhagic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), in the cerebrum and cerebellum. In a recent study, using a preterm rabbit pup model of IVH, intraventricularly administered haptoglobin (Hp), a cell-free Hb scavenger, partially reversed the damaging effects observed following IVH. Together, this suggests that cell-free Hb is central in the pathophysiology of the injury to the immature brain following GM-IVH. An increased understanding of the causal pathways and metabolites involved in eliciting the damaging response following hemorrhage is essential for the continued development and implementation of neuroprotective treatments of GM-IVH in preterm infant. Methods We exposed immature primary rat mixed glial cells to hemorrhagic CSF obtained from preterm human infants with IVH (containing a mixture of Hb-metabolites) or to a range of pure Hb-metabolites, incl. oxidized Hb (mainly metHb with iron in Fe3+), oxyHb (mainly Fe2+), or low equivalents of heme, with or without co-administration with human Hp (a mixture of isotype 2-2/2-1). Following exposure, cellular response, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, secretion and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative markers were evaluated. Results Exposure of the glial cells to hemorrhagic CSF as well as oxidized Hb, but not oxyHb, resulted in a significantly increased rate of ROS production that positively correlated with the rate of production of pro-inflammatory and oxidative markers. Congruently, exposure to oxidized Hb caused a disintegration of the polygonal cytoskeletal structure of the glial cells in addition to upregulation of F-actin proteins in microglial cells. Co-administration of Hp partially reversed the damaging response of hemorrhagic CSF and oxidized Hb. Conclusion Exposure of mixed glial cells to oxidized Hb initiates a pro-inflammatory and oxidative response with cytoskeletal disintegration. Early administration of Hp, aiming to minimize the spontaneous autoxidation of cell-free oxyHb and liberation of heme, may provide a therapeutic benefit in preterm infant with GM-IVH.

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Glial Cells in Neural Development

Cited by 4 publications

References 59 publications

The Repo Homeodomain Transcription Factor Suppresses Hematopoiesis inDrosophilaand Preserves the Glial Fate

The Repo Homeodomain Transcription Factor Suppresses Hematopoiesis inDrosophilaand Preserves the Glial Fate

The Gcm/Glide molecular and cellular pathway: New actors and new lineages

Cell-free oxidized hemoglobin drives reactive oxygen species production and pro-inflammation in an immature primary rat mixed glial cell culture

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