Glaucoma detection using image processing techniques: A literature review

Formulation and Characterization of Acetazolamide/Carvedilol Niosomal Gel for Glaucoma Treatment: In Vitro, and In Vivo Study

“…As shown in Table 7, drug concentration-time profiles and pharmacokinetic parameters were observed following a single installation. The first group (GP1) treated with ACZ niosomes showed the following results when comparing the results obtained from the five treated groups: the half-life (t 1 2 ) was 3.31 ± 0.71 h and the area under the curve (AUC) from 0 to 8 h was 31.85 ± 2.70 µg h/mL with a peak concentration (Cmax) of 4.53 ± 0.52 µg/mL. The second group (GP2) treated with CAR niosomes had the following results: a half-life (t 1 2 ) of 4.15 ± 0.51 h and a curve area (AUC) of 0 to 8 h of 31.99 ± 2.90 µg h/mL, a peak concentration (Cmax) of 3.98 ± 0.32 µg/mL.…”

“…The first group (GP1) treated with ACZ niosomes showed the following results when comparing the results obtained from the five treated groups: the half-life (t 1 2 ) was 3.31 ± 0.71 h and the area under the curve (AUC) from 0 to 8 h was 31.85 ± 2.70 µg h/mL with a peak concentration (Cmax) of 4.53 ± 0.52 µg/mL. The second group (GP2) treated with CAR niosomes had the following results: a half-life (t 1 2 ) of 4.15 ± 0.51 h and a curve area (AUC) of 0 to 8 h of 31.99 ± 2.90 µg h/mL, a peak concentration (Cmax) of 3.98 ± 0.32 µg/mL. The third group (GP3) treated with ACZ and CAR combination niosomes had the following results: a half-life (t 1 2 ) of 11.49 ± 0.93 h and the area under the curve (AUC) from 0 to 8 h was 79.59 ± 2.73 µg h/mL, peak concentration (Cmax) of 5.13 ± 0.52 µg/mL The results obtained from the fifth group (GP5) which was treated with combination ACZ and CAR niosomes gel with HPMC with low level showed the following parameters, AUC of 74.47 ± 1.72 µg h/mL, indicating a higher drug bioavailability and had a peak time (Tmax) of 60 min, which was shorter than that with combination ACZ and CAR solution indicating the rapid onset of action.…”

“…The second group (GP2) treated with CAR niosomes had the following results: a half-life (t 1 2 ) of 4.15 ± 0.51 h and a curve area (AUC) of 0 to 8 h of 31.99 ± 2.90 µg h/mL, a peak concentration (Cmax) of 3.98 ± 0.32 µg/mL. The third group (GP3) treated with ACZ and CAR combination niosomes had the following results: a half-life (t 1 2 ) of 11.49 ± 0.93 h and the area under the curve (AUC) from 0 to 8 h was 79.59 ± 2.73 µg h/mL, peak concentration (Cmax) of 5.13 ± 0.52 µg/mL The results obtained from the fifth group (GP5) which was treated with combination ACZ and CAR niosomes gel with HPMC with low level showed the following parameters, AUC of 74.47 ± 1.72 µg h/mL, indicating a higher drug bioavailability and had a peak time (Tmax) of 60 min, which was shorter than that with combination ACZ and CAR solution indicating the rapid onset of action. Its Cmax was 6.52 ± 2.43 µg/mL, which was higher than that for CAR and ACZ solution (GP5), and had a t 1 2 of 19.02 ± 0.87 h, which was 7.53 times longer than that of ACZ and CAR combination solution.…”

“…Glaucoma is a category of eye disease that may lead to vision loss caused by damage to the optic nerve and permanent blindness. It is characterized by a rise in intraocular pressure (IOP) resulting in changes in the fiber layer of the optic nerve and retinal nerve [1]. Open-angle glaucoma, in which the drainage angle of fluid inside the eye remains open, is the most prevalent type, with less common types like closed-angle glaucoma and normaltension glaucoma [2].…”

Utilizing a responsive web portal for studying disc tracing agreement in retinal images

“…The term glaucoma refers to a condition caused by a group of diseases that leads to the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The death of RGCs leads to (i) structural changes to the optic nerve head and the nerve fiber layer and (ii) simultaneous functional constriction of the visual field [4][5][6]. These two effects of glaucoma cause peripheral vision loss and, if left untreated, can eventually lead to blindness.…”