Glaucocalyxin B Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Parkinson’s Disease by Inhibiting TLR/NF-κB and Activating Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway

Abstract

Background/Aims: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease in the old population, characterized by dopaminergic neuron loss, inflammation and oxidative stress injury in the substantia nigra. Glaucocalyxin B (GLB), an ent-kauranoid diterpenoid isolated from Rabdosia japonica, has anti-inflammation and anti-tumor effects. However, its effects on PD remain unclear. Methods: PD was introduced in rats via injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into cerebral corpus striatum, and GLB was given intracerebroventricularly to these rats. Their walking, climbing and sensory states were detected by Stepping, Whisker and Cylinder Tests. The expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), CD11b and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule (IBA)-1 were detected by immunohischemical staining. The levels of a series of inflammatory factors, oxidative stress-related factors and apoptosis-related factors were measured by real-time PCR, immunoblotting and ELISA. In addition, Toll-like receptor (TLR)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase (HO)-1 pathways were investigated to illustrate the underlying mechanism. In vitro, microglial cells exposed to LPS were treated with GLB. Results: The injection of LPS caused walking, climbing and sensory disturbances in rats, induced inflammation, oxidative stress response and apoptosis, and activated TLR/NF-κB and Nrf2/ HO-1 pathways in the cerebral tissue. GLB administration attenuated LPS-induced alterations. The TLR/NF-κB pathway was deactivated and Nrf2/HO-1 was activated after application of GLB. In vitro, cytotoxic effects induced by the conditioned medium derived from microglial cells exposed to LPS in PC12 cells were attenuated by GLB. Conclusion: GLB suppresses LPS-induced PD symptoms by modification of TLR/NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways in vivo and in vitro.

Glaucocalyxin B protects against oxygen‐glucose‐deprivation/reperfusion‐induced neuronal injury in PC‐12 cells

“…17 SOD is a key factor for the defense against tissue damages induced by ROS. 19 These results suggest that GLB could attenuate cerebral I/R injury through inhibiting oxidative stress. 19 These results suggest that GLB could attenuate cerebral I/R injury through inhibiting oxidative stress.…”

Luteolin‐mediated Kim‐1/NF‐kB/Nrf2 signaling pathways protects sodium fluoride‐induced hypertension and cardiovascular complications

“…The immunohistochemistry revealed higher expressions of kidney injury molecule 1 (Kim‐1), nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB), nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) and cardiac troponin I (CTnI) in NaF only treated rats. The NF‐κB and Nrf2 are both transcription factors that regulate a number of genes responsible for oxidative stress, inflammation, and antioxidants . From the results we obtained, NaF toxicity upregulated both NF‐κB and Nrf2 indicating the capacity of NaF to modulate signaling associated with inflammation, oxidative stress and antioxidant response elements (ARE).…”

Nrf2 Pathway in Age-Related Neurological Disorders: Insights into MicroRNAs

“…3). Recent findings based on animal models studies have shown the neuroprotective effects of many compounds, such as the triterpene Ginsenoside Rb1 [95] and the alkaloid Glaucocalyxin B [96] as well as endogenous metabolites like alpha-lipoic acid [97] and estradiol [98], all involved in the activation of the Nrf2/ARE signaling. Aging is the main risk factor for neurodegeneration and is associated with enhanced ROS/RNS levels and lower antioxidant capacity.…”