Glass-like transparent high strength polyethylene films by tuning drawing temperature

Lin, Yunyin; Patel, Ruhi; Cao, Jun; Tu, Wei; Zhang, Han; Bilotti, Emiliano; Bastiaansen, Cees W. M.; Peijs, Ton

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2019.03.036

Cited by 24 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(53 reference statements)

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“…The as‐extruded HDPE films with and without BZT additives were subsequently drawn in the solid‐state using a Dr. Collin MDO‐A & MDO‐B (Germany) uniaxial stretching line as shown in Figure b. Based on previous research, the solid‐state drawing temperature was chosen at 105 °C in order to achieve highly transparent high strength HDPE films without the need to incorporate additives. The rotating speed of the rollers in part I and part II depended on the requested draw ratio, usually 0.10–0.20 m min −1 and 1.0–2.2 m min −1 , respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to eliminate light scattering from surface roughness effects, HDPE films with and without additives were sandwiched between two glass slides using TPU films as interlayers when testing optical performance. Compression molding of these laminated structures was carried out in a Rondol (UK) hot press at 100 °C, 3 bar for 5–10 min.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, real transmittance usually refers to the ability of an observer to “see‐through” a relatively distant sample, analogous to seeing through a window (far field). Here, the optical transmittance of the laminated samples is measured when placed at a distance from the detector (40 cm), which as mentioned earlier is of greater practical importance for potential applications like glazing or windows . Transmittance measurements were carried out at least three times for each film.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More recently, it was discovered that highly transparent ultra‐drawn HDPE films with similar high mechanical properties could also be obtained by drawing these films in a specific temperature window in the solid‐state to a draw‐ratio of around 20 . A transmittance of 90% in the visible light range was achieved in both the near and far field and a high modulus and strength of 27 GPa and 800 MPa were obtained when drawing was performed in a temperature window between 90 and 110 °C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the above‐described studies either with or without additives lab‐scale and batch‐wise fabrication procedures were employed to produce the oriented transparent HDPE films. These procedures involved micro‐compounding in the case of additives, compression molding of films followed by solid‐state drawing using a universal tensile tester equipped with a thermostatically controlled environmental chamber.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transparent, Lightweight, and High Strength Polyethylene Films by a Scalable Continuous Extrusion and Solid‐State Drawing Process

Lin

Verpaalen

et al. 2019

Macro Materials & Eng

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The continuous production of transparent high strength ultra-drawn highdensity polyethylene films or tapes is explored using a cast film extrusion and solid-state drawing line. Two methodologies are explored to achieve such high strength transparent polyethylene films; i) the use of suitable additives like 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-ditertpentylphenol (BZT) and ii) solid-state drawing at an optimal temperature of 105 °C (without additives). Both methodologies result in highly oriented films of high transparency (≈91%) in the far field. Maximum attainable modulus (≈33 GPa) and tensile strength (≈900 MPa) of both types of solid-state drawn films are similar and are an order of magnitude higher than traditional transparent plastics such as polycarbonate (PC) and poly(methyl methacrylate). Special emphasis is devoted to the effect of draw down and pre-orientation in the as-extruded films prior to solid-state drawing. It is shown that pre-orientation is beneficial in improving mechanical properties of the films at equal draw ratios. However, pre-orientation lowers the maximum attainable draw ratio and as such the ultimate modulus and tensile strength of the films. Potential applications of these high strength transparent flexible films lie in composite laminates, automotive or aircraft glazing, high impact windows, safety glass, and displays.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Transparent, Lightweight, and High Strength Polyethylene Films by a Scalable Continuous Extrusion and Solid‐State Drawing Process

Lin

Verpaalen

et al. 2019

Macro Materials & Eng

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Light‐Driven Actuation in Synthetic Polymers: A Review from Fundamental Concepts to Applications

Bhatti

Kernin

Tausif

et al. 2022

Advanced Optical Materials

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Light‐driven actuation of synthetic polymers is an emerging field of interest because it offers simple remote addressing without complicated hydraulic, electric, or magnetic systems. Reviews on this area predominantly emphasize on the development of mechanical motions like bending, twisting, folding, etc. However, the scientific and fundamental aspects of these materials are critical in order to expand applications and industrial relevance. Polymer actuators driven by light, not only comprise soft actuators (large deformations at low stress) but also include stiff actuators (high actuation stress at low strain). Synthetic polymeric materials with photo‐responsive additives together with underlying mechanisms, processing parameters, and final properties are required to broaden the scope of the field. In particular, parameters like actuation stress, actuation strain, and work capacity have been given limited attention in the past and are discussed extensively. This work gives a comprehensive critical review on all light‐driven synthetic polymer actuators, their actuating mechanisms, and materials. A holistic perspective together with an insight into future prospects can lead academia and industry toward future innovations and applications of these exciting functional materials.

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Processing and Properties of Melt Processable UHMW‐PE Based Fibers Using Low Molecular Weight Linear Polyethylene's

Houben

Verpaalen

Engels

2020

Macro Materials & Eng

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of polymers into fibers. [2-8] During this alignment process, a material with often mediocre bulk properties is transformed into significantly stiffer and stronger highperformance polymeric fiber with a broad range of high-end applications. [6,9,10] Given its relative simple structure and flexible nature, considerable attention was spend on polyethylene. [4,11-16] Years of research and industrial development have resulted in two prevailing processing techniques: melt-spinning and gel-spinning. [2,6] During melt-spinning, the polymer melt is extruded and cooled just below the melting temperature. Subsequently the polymer is drawn in the solid-state up to its maximal attainable draw ratio. This process allows for the fabrication of high density polyethylene (HDPE) fibers with Young's moduli of up to 50-70 GPa and tensile strengths of 0.8-1.4 GPa. [1,17-19] The meltspinning and solid-state drawing process has two major drawbacks which are strongly linked to the molecular weight. Melt-spinning is restricted to lower molecular weights (<200 kg mol −1) due to a strong increase in viscosity induced by chain slip between entanglements. The increase of viscosity in polymer (solutions) is typically described via the scaling of zero shear viscosity, where polymers with a molecular weight above the critical molecular weight at which entanglements can form (, 2•) c e ∝ ≤ ≥      M M M M M M (1) in which ϕ indicates the volume fraction of polymer in solution. Equation (1) makes apparent that an increase in molecular weight comes at the expense of a steep increase in viscosity which, however, can be compensated for by diluting with a solvent. Second, given the molecular weight between entanglements (M e) of ≈2 kg mol −1 for polyethylene, [21] increasing the molecular weight results in a strong increase in the number of entanglements per chain which in turn reduces the solid-state drawability of the fibers. [22] Key to achieving higher draw ratios and processing of higher molecular weights was the reduction of entanglements. The work on polymer solutions by Greassley et al. [20] in the 1970s The rheology, solid state drawability, morphology, and mechanical properties of polyethylene blends containing ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) and linear-low molecular weight polyethylene waxes (PE wax) are explored. Addition of PE wax enables melt processing of UHMW-PE and improves solid state drawability, providing opportunities in recycling of UHMW-PE waste. Small angle X-ray scattering results show that both PE wax and UHMW-PE align fully in the drawing direction, irrespective whether the PE wax has an M n below or above the critical molecular weight at which entanglements can form (M c). Tensile moduli of drawn specimen are in accordance to the Irvine-Smith model confirming that both UHMW-PE and PE wax align in the drawing direction and no chain slip occurs toward zero strain and both UHMW-PE and PE wax fractions, irrespective of their molecular weight, contribute fully to the modulus. Tensile strength of the blend...

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Glass-like transparent high strength polyethylene films by tuning drawing temperature

Cited by 24 publications

References 42 publications

Transparent, Lightweight, and High Strength Polyethylene Films by a Scalable Continuous Extrusion and Solid‐State Drawing Process

Transparent, Lightweight, and High Strength Polyethylene Films by a Scalable Continuous Extrusion and Solid‐State Drawing Process

Light‐Driven Actuation in Synthetic Polymers: A Review from Fundamental Concepts to Applications

Processing and Properties of Melt Processable UHMW‐PE Based Fibers Using Low Molecular Weight Linear Polyethylene's

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