Glass Formulation Development for INEEL Sodium-Bearing Waste

Initial Sulfate Solubility Study for Sludge Batch 4 (SB4)

“…With the addition of CaO and/or V 2 O 5 to Frit 320 4 , Frits 447, 448, and 449 were developed. Recent studies have suggested that CaO and V 2 O 5 additions to borosilicate formulations improve sulfur solubility in the melt (Stefanovsky and Lifanov, 1990;McKeown et al, 2002;Vienna et al, 2002). With the 1100-canister, 1 st transfer composition for SB4 (from Lilliston, 2005), the sealed-crucible studies with Frits 447, 448, and 449 showed the frits enhance the SO 4 = solubility for SB4 -all crucibles were clear of the "yellow" up to 0.7 wt% SO 4 = .…”

Preliminary Investigation of Sulfur Loading in Hanford LAW Glass

“…Studies of sulfur segregation during waste-glass melting have been performed in support of waste vitrification activities (for examples, see Perez et al 1983;Bates et al 1985;Fu et al 1996;Li et al 1996;Vienna et al 1999;Pegg et al 2000;Musick et al 2000;Darab et al 2001;Li et al 2001;Goles et al 2001;Muller et al 2001;Peeler et al 2001;Goles et al 2002;Vienna et al 2003;Hrma et al 2003;and Hrma et al 2004). The following subsections review a portion of that literature thought to be key to the understanding of sulfate-incorporation limits during Hanford LAW vitrification.…”

“…These studies began in 1999 and continued through 2002 with evolving waste-composition estimates and flowsheet assumptions. In the first phase, a glass was formulated to demonstrate the feasibility of direct vitrification of SBW using current melter technologies (Vienna et al 1999). The second phase was aimed at developing a glass to demonstrate the direct vitrification process and determine the range of expected waste loadings, assuming that sulfur lost to the off-gas would be grouted (Peeler et al 2001).…”

“…The formulation work performed by Vienna, Peeler, and colleagues (Vienna et al 1999;Peeler et al 2001;Vienna et al 2002;Vienna et al 2003) was based primarily on years of research and production experience in commercial glass melts, which suggests that increasing the alkali-and alkali-earth content increases SO 3 solubility (see Section 2.0). To increase waste loading, it is necessary but insufficient to formulate a glass to have relatively high sulfate solubility.…”

Evaluation Pilot-Scale Melter Systems for the Direct Vitrification Development Program

“…Vitrification, which can convert a variety of wastes, including the SBW and calcine, into highly durable glass is being evaluated for ultimate treatment to meet DOE commitments. Past laboratory and smallscale melter testing has proven the applicability of vitrification technologies for the treatment of these INTEC wastes (Vienna et al 1999a, Vienna et al 1999b, Musick 2000. Integrated testing in scalable pilot facilities is now desired, and available equipment that could potentially be used at the INEEL is evaluated in this report.…”