Glass-Ceramics and Their Applications

Chitosan-based Biogenic Nanoparticles for Wastewater Remediation: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications - A Review

“…With the use of X-ray diffraction (XRD), a non-destructive analytical method, it is possible to identify the surface or phase of chitosan-based nanomaterials and get data on their cell sizes and atomic spacings. The incoming X-rays from the 1.5418 Å cathode ray "Cu X-ray tube" in XRD are filtered to create monochromatic radiation, which is then collimated to concentrate and utilised to irradiate the sample (a nanomaterial based on chitosan) 42 , 43 . The interaction between the incoming rays and the chitosan-based nanomaterial results in a diffracted ray and tering angle and intensity that are diffracted from the sample 42 .…”

“…It is possible to obtain a finite diffraction material has a distinct set of d-spacings, and the International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD) or, formerly, the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards JCPDS data, may provide the appropriate places and intensities as a reference pattern or database 42 . Therefore, it is simple to determine the particle size, content, crystalline nature, form of a unit cell, and other characteristics of chitosan-based nanomaterials/NPs by converting diffraction peaks to d-spacings 43 . Notably, the size, shape, and nature of a unit cell of chitosan-based nanomaterials or NPs determine the direction of the diffraction angle, while the internal structural arrangements of the atoms determine the intensities of the diffraction patterns.…”

Circular Economy in Buildings

“…Recyclability-Generally, recyclability means converting waste materials into new products, materials or ingredients [22]. Recyclability is one of the prime strategies to establish the design of a circular economy through a closed loop [20].…”

“…Recyclability is one of the prime strategies to establish the design of a circular economy through a closed loop [20]. From the analysis by [22,23], the thermal recycling process was identified as one of the best processes and the mechanical recycling process was found as the least energy-consuming process.…”

“…Toxicity-Toxicity of the material is defined as the behavior to release sufficient harmful chemicals or ingredients during the production or end of life which can directly or indirectly impact the environment negatively [25]. Incinerated wastes, slags, dust, sludges and other hazardous products are considered toxic waste [22].…”