Glare Disability, Photostress Recovery, and Chromatic Contrast: Relation to Macular Pigment and Serum Lutein and Zeaxanthin

Hammond, Billy R.; Fletcher, Laura M.; Elliott, James

doi:10.1167/iovs.12-10411

Cited by 78 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The randomization was done by a neutral second party, Wolfgang Köpcke at the Institute for Biometry and Clinical Research, University of Münster, Germany. The inclusion/exclusion criteria are provided in Hammond et al 20 As shown in Figure 1, plasma L and Z for the placebo group did not change during the course of the study, suggesting that the ad libitum diet also did not change. This study was approved by University of Georgia institutional review board, and the experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practice Guidelines and the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.…”

Section: Study Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…For details regarding the reliability and stimulus characteristics for all of the variables, see the extended treatment in Hammond et al 20 The apparatus and procedure used to measure macular pigment optical density (MPOD) have also been described in detail previously. 20,21 This method of measuring macular pigment has been extensively validated.…”

Section: Equipment and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study on the Effects of Lutein and Zeaxanthin on Photostress Recovery, Glare Disability, and Chromatic Contrast

Hammond¹,

Fletcher²,

Roos³

et al. 2014

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science

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Citation: Hammond BR, Fletcher LM, Roos F, Wittwer J, Schalch W. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on photostress recovery, glare disability, and chromatic contrast. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. PURPOSE.Past studies have shown that higher macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) supplementation are related to improvements in glare disability, photostress recovery, and chromatic contrast. This study assessed those links using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design.METHODS. The visual effects of 1 year of supplementing L (10 mg/d) and Z (2 mg/d) were investigated. One hundred fifteen young, healthy subjects were recruited and randomized into the study (58 received placebo, 57 LþZ). Several dependent measures were collected at baseline and then once every 3 months: serum L and Z measured by HPLC chromatography; MPOD measured using customized heterochromatic flicker photometry; photostress recovery assessed by measuring the time needed to recover visual acquisition of a grating target after 30 seconds of an intense xenon white flash exposure; glare disability evaluated as the energy in a surrounding annulus necessary to veil a central grating target; and chromatic contrast assessed by measuring thresholds for a yellow grating target superposed on a 460-nm background.RESULTS. Macular pigment optical density increased significantly versus placebo at all eccentricities (10, 30, 60, and 105 minutes from the center of the macula). Serum L and Z also increased significantly by the first follow-up visit (at 3 months), and remained elevated throughout the intervention period of 1 year. Chromatic contrast and photostress recovery time improved significantly versus placebo. Glare disability was correlated with macular pigment density throughout the study period but did not increase significantly in the treated group.CONCLUSIONS. Daily supplementation with LþZ resulted in significant increase in serum levels and MPOD and improvements in chromatic contrast and recovery from photostress. These results are consistent with past studies showing that increasing MPOD leads to improved visual performance. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00909090.)

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Section: Study Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Equipment and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study on the Effects of Lutein and Zeaxanthin on Photostress Recovery, Glare Disability, and Chromatic Contrast

Hammond¹,

Fletcher²,

Roos³

et al. 2014

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science

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“…Significant relations have been reported between macular pigment optical density (MPOD; L and Z and meso-Z measured in the retina) and a large number of visual measures including glare disability and discomfort, photostress recovery, and chromatic contrast [13]. Measures of L and Z within the retina appear to be strongly linked to measures of L and Z in brain tissue [29] and MPOD has also been linked to measures that are mediated by brain such as cognition [15,9,23], auditory thresholds [33], balance time, reaction time [22], and temporal vision [11,21,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…L and Z are antiatherogenic [6] but also help prevent photo-oxidative degradation of the skin [24]. L and Z are potent lipid-based antioxidants and anti-inflammatories [31] but also serve as optical filters within the macula of the eye [13]. They are ornamental [10] and yet found within human brain information processing areas such as the hippocampus [30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A randomized placebo-controlled study on the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on visual processing speed in young healthy subjects

Bovier

Hammond

2015

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics

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Speed of processing is a particularly important characteristic of the visual system. Often a behavioral reaction to a visual stimulus must be faster than the conscious perception of that stimulus, as is the case with many sports (e.g., baseball). Visual psychophysics provides a relatively simple and precise means of measuring visual processing speed called the temporal contrast sensitivity function (tCSF). Past study has shown that macular pigment (a collection of xanthophylls, lutein (L), meso-zeaxanthin (MZ) and zeaxanthin (Z), found in the retina) optical density (MPOD) is positively correlated with the tCSF. In this study, we found similar correlations when testing 102 young healthy subjects. As a follow-up, we randomized 69 subjects to receive a placebo (n=15) or one of two L and Z supplements (n=54). MPOD and tCSF were measured psychophysically at baseline and 4months. Neither MPOD nor tCSF changed for the placebo condition, but both improved significantly as a result of supplementation. These results show that an intervention with L and Z can increase processing speed even in young healthy subjects.

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“…[4][5][6] Besides its effect in normal subjects (reduction of glare disability and chromatic aberration), macular pigment seems to protect against AMD. 7,8 Therefore, the detection and quantification of MP has become important. 9 Several techniques are available for measuring MP, both in vivo and ex vivo.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Macular Pigment Density and Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence in Young Healthy Subjects

Eandi

Nassisi

Lavia

et al. 2017

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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PURPOSE. To measure macular pigment (MP) and find possible correlation between heterochromatic flicker photometry (HFP) and quantitative autofluorescence (qAF) in young healthy subjects. METHODS.We enrolled 80 eyes of 40 young healthy subjects. Macular pigment optical density (MPOD) was automatically calculated with a macular pigment screener (MPS; MPOD HFP ). We calculated qAF comparing gray levels (GL) of qAF images with GL of internal reference of a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. A raster of concentric rings was used to automatically calculate foveal qAF (qAFF) values (08-1.28); inner ring (1.38-4.38; qAF 3 ); middle ring (4.58-78; qAF 6 ); and outer ring (7.28-9.78; qAF 8 ). The test-retest coefficient of repeatability was calculated with Bland-Altman method. The between-eyes coefficient of agreement and correlation between the two techniques were calculated. Finally, an estimation of MPOD from qAF was performed (MPOD-AF), to find possible direct correlations with MPOD HFP obtained with the MPS II.RESULTS. Paired data sets of repeated measurements were not statistically different for MPS II (P ¼ 0.66); log qAF F (P ¼ 0.95); log qAF 3 (P ¼ 0.48); log qAF 6 (P ¼ 0.4); and log qAF 8 (P ¼ 0.56). Stepwise regression analysis showed negative correlation between MPS II and log qAF F values (R 2 ¼ 0.35) with Spearman coefficient (q) of À0.60 (P < 0.01) and log qAF 3 (R 2 ¼ 0.18; q ¼ À0.38.; P < 0.01). No correlation was found between MPS II and log qAF 6 (q ¼ 0.01, P ¼ 0.93), neither with log qAF 8 (q ¼ À0.05, P ¼ 0.66).CONCLUSIONS. In young healthy subjects, a negative correlation between qAF values and MPOD HFP was found in the central degrees. However, qAF and HFP do not seem to be interchangeable: they represent two opposite ways of estimating MP.

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Glare Disability, Photostress Recovery, and Chromatic Contrast: Relation to Macular Pigment and Serum Lutein and Zeaxanthin

Cited by 78 publications

References 35 publications

A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study on the Effects of Lutein and Zeaxanthin on Photostress Recovery, Glare Disability, and Chromatic Contrast

A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study on the Effects of Lutein and Zeaxanthin on Photostress Recovery, Glare Disability, and Chromatic Contrast

A randomized placebo-controlled study on the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on visual processing speed in young healthy subjects

Macular Pigment Density and Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence in Young Healthy Subjects

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