Glandular Matrices and Secretions: Blood-Feeding Arthropods

Mans, Ben J.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40740-1_17

Cited by 12 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 403 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In recent years, it has been realised that tick salivary glands, the organs in closest proximity to the host during feeding and actively producing secretory proteins, are much more diverse than initially anticipated (reviewed in [ 15 , 21 ]). Previous studies have shown that secretory proteins are under positive selection [ 22 , 23 ] and have been subjected to gene duplications, resulting in lineage-specific expansions [ 14 – 16 , 24 ] and large multi-genic functionally redundant protein families [ 19 , 21 ]. Large secretory protein families containing functionally redundant members confine vaccine development, where immunisation against a protein in a multi-genic family may be circumvented by the expression of another functionally redundant member in the same family [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sialotranscriptomics of Rhipicephalus zambeziensis reveals intricate expression profiles of secretory proteins and suggests tight temporal transcriptional regulation during blood-feeding

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundTicks secrete a diverse mixture of secretory proteins into the host to evade its immune response and facilitate blood-feeding, making secretory proteins attractive targets for the production of recombinant anti-tick vaccines. The largely neglected tick species, Rhipicephalus zambeziensis, is an efficient vector of Theileria parva in southern Africa but its available sequence information is limited. Next generation sequencing has advanced sequence availability for ticks in recent years and has assisted the characterisation of secretory proteins. This study focused on the de novo assembly and annotation of the salivary gland transcriptome of R. zambeziensis and the temporal expression of secretory protein transcripts in female and male ticks, before the onset of feeding and during early and late feeding.ResultsThe sialotranscriptome of R. zambeziensis yielded 23,631 transcripts from which 13,584 non-redundant proteins were predicted. Eighty-six percent of these contained a predicted start and stop codon and were estimated to be putatively full-length proteins. A fifth (2569) of the predicted proteins were annotated as putative secretory proteins and explained 52% of the expression in the transcriptome. Expression analyses revealed that 2832 transcripts were differentially expressed among feeding time points and 1209 between the tick sexes. The expression analyses further indicated that 57% of the annotated secretory protein transcripts were differentially expressed. Dynamic expression profiles of secretory protein transcripts were observed during feeding of female ticks. Whereby a number of transcripts were upregulated during early feeding, presumably for feeding site establishment and then during late feeding, 52% of these were downregulated, indicating that transcripts were required at specific feeding stages. This suggested that secretory proteins are under stringent transcriptional regulation that fine-tunes their expression in salivary glands during feeding. No open reading frames were predicted for 7947 transcripts. This class represented 17% of the differentially expressed transcripts, suggesting a potential transcriptional regulatory function of long non-coding RNA in tick blood-feeding.ConclusionsThe assembled sialotranscriptome greatly expands the sequence availability of R. zambeziensis, assists in our understanding of the transcription of secretory proteins during blood-feeding and will be a valuable resource for future vaccine candidate selection.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2312-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sialotranscriptomics of Rhipicephalus zambeziensis reveals intricate expression profiles of secretory proteins and suggests tight temporal transcriptional regulation during blood-feeding

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Hundreds to thousands of proteins synthesized in the salivary glands of ticks target key host defense mechanisms involved in inflammation and hemostasis (Francischetti et al, 2009 ). Extensive tables summarizing hemostatic and immune inhibitors, host targets, protein family affiliations, and distribution of orthologs in genera and lineages were recently updated (Mans, 2016 ; Mans et al, 2016 ). Summaries of sequenced transcriptomes, secretory, and house-keeping proteins, protein family members, and largest expanded families were also tabulated (Mans, 2016 ; Mans et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Tick Salivary Gland Transcriptomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Extensive tables summarizing hemostatic and immune inhibitors, host targets, protein family affiliations, and distribution of orthologs in genera and lineages were recently updated (Mans, 2016 ; Mans et al, 2016 ). Summaries of sequenced transcriptomes, secretory, and house-keeping proteins, protein family members, and largest expanded families were also tabulated (Mans, 2016 ; Mans et al, 2016 ). All tick families possess the same major salivary gland secretory protein families (Figure 1 ).…”

Section: Tick Salivary Gland Transcriptomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The numbers of secretory family members found in the Ixodes scapularis genome is closer to that observed for cDNA libraries. Whether the high levels of lineage specific expansion observed in NGS transcriptomes are real due to alternative splicing or gene duplication, or artefactual due to transcriptome assembly, taxonomic sampling, or sequence depth bias cannot be determined yet (Mans, 2016 ; Mans et al, 2016 ). However, functional analysis of the major host interacting proteins confirm that they belong to different protein families in the different tick families and therefore evolved these functions independently (Mans et al, 2002 , 2016 ; Mans and Neitz, 2004a ; Mans, 2011 ).…”

Section: Tick Salivary Gland Transcriptomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If neutral evolution and genetic drift are major causes of diversity in ticks and adaptive selection is limited, the questions remain how ticks evolved the impressive array of functions exhibited at the feeding site and why elevated levels of gene duplication are observed in salivary gland families (Mans et al, 2016 ). One possibility lies in the opportunity that salivary gland expression offers for the evolution of new functions (Mans, 2011 , 2016 ). Proteins destined for secretion need to maintain signals for secretion and sorting, i.e., signal peptides and sorting signals for secretory granules (Nielsen et al, 1997 ; Gomez-Navarro and Miller, 2016 ).…”

Section: Neutral Evolution and Genetic Drift As Drivers Of Blood-feedmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Gene Duplication and Protein Evolution in Tick-Host Interactions

Mans

Featherston

Castro

et al. 2017

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Ticks modulate their hosts' defense responses by secreting a biopharmacopiea of hundreds to thousands of proteins and bioactive chemicals into the feeding site (tick-host interface). These molecules and their functions evolved over millions of years as ticks adapted to blood-feeding, tick lineages diverged, and host-shifts occurred. The evolution of new proteins with new functions is mainly dependent on gene duplication events. Central questions around this are the rates of gene duplication, when they occurred and how new functions evolve after gene duplication. The current review investigates these questions in the light of tick biology and considers the possibilities of ancient genome duplication, lineage specific expansion events, and the role that positive selection played in the evolution of tick protein function. It contrasts current views in tick biology regarding adaptive evolution with the more general view that neutral evolution may account for the majority of biological innovations observed in ticks.

show abstract

Towards a new phenotype for tick resistance in beef and dairy cattle: a review

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

About 80% of the world’s cattle are affected by ticks and tick-borne diseases, both of which cause significant production losses. Cattle host resistance to ticks is the most important factor affecting the economics of tick control, but it is largely neglected in tick-control programs due to technical difficulties and costs associated with identifying individual-animal variation in resistance. The present paper reviews the scientific literature to identify factors affecting resistance of cattle to ticks and the biological mechanisms of host tick resistance, to develop alternative phenotype(s) for tick resistance. If new cost-effective phenotype(s) can be developed and validated, then tick resistance of cattle could be genetically improved using genomic selection, and incorporated into breeding objectives to simultaneously improve cattle productive attributes and tick resistance. The phenotype(s) could also be used to improve tick control by using cattle management. On the basis of the present review, it is recommended that three possible phenotypes (haemolytic analysis; measures of skin hypersensitivity reactions; simplified artificial tick infestations) be further developed to determine their practical feasibility for consistently, cost-effectively and reliably measuring cattle tick resistance in thousands of individual animals in commercial and smallholder farmer herds in tropical and subtropical areas globally. During evaluation of these potential new phenotypes, additional measurements should be included to determine the possibility of developing a volatile-based resistance phenotype, to simultaneously improve cattle resistance to both ticks and biting flies. Because the current measurements of volatile chemistry do not satisfy the requirements of a simple, cost-effective phenotype for use in commercial cattle herds, consideration should also be given to inclusion of potentially simpler measures to enable indirect genetic selection for volatile-based resistance to ticks.

show abstract

Glandular Matrices and Secretions: Blood-Feeding Arthropods

Cited by 12 publications

References 403 publications

Sialotranscriptomics of Rhipicephalus zambeziensis reveals intricate expression profiles of secretory proteins and suggests tight temporal transcriptional regulation during blood-feeding

Sialotranscriptomics of Rhipicephalus zambeziensis reveals intricate expression profiles of secretory proteins and suggests tight temporal transcriptional regulation during blood-feeding

Gene Duplication and Protein Evolution in Tick-Host Interactions

Towards a new phenotype for tick resistance in beef and dairy cattle: a review

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About