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A comparison of electrochemical degradation of phenol on boron doped diamond and lead dioxide anodes

“…Current density was either lower or higher than the limiting current density i°l im (108 mA cm -2 ) calculated with the initial COD-value by the following equation [21]: [11] obtained with a two-compartment reactor. This can be explained by its hydrogenation into succinic acid (C 4 H 6 O 4 ) on the cathode [22]. This assumption was experimentally confirmed during electrolyses of a 0.05 M maleic acid solution carried out under galvanostatic conditions (40 mA cm -2 ) in the reactor with or without separator.…”

Catalytic Transformations of Biomass-Derived Materials into Value-Added Chemicals

“…Reduction of MA to SA with electronic reaction over Ti/ceramic TiO 2 [163], Ti cathode [164] and a lead cathodes [165] were investigated in mild reaction temperature (below 373 K). Galvanostatic electrolysis for SA synthesis from MA using stainless steel, Cu or Pd cathodes in an ion conducting polymer electrolyte flow cell obtained [95 % yield of SA with a coulombic efficiency of 80-90 % [166]. In the homogeneous catalytic system, reduction of MA and fumalic acid (FA, transbutenedioic acid) by solution of chromous sulfate in water achieved 86 and 91 % yield of SA, respectively [167].…”

Effects of Hydrophobicity of Diffusion Layer on the Electroreduction of Biomass Derivatives in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Reactors

“…GC was unsuitable for the maleic acid hydrogenation system because the boiling point of maleic acid and its hydrogenation product were very high. Instead, 1 H NMR spectroscopy (Bruker Avance II 400M) was used to detect the liquid products of maleic acid 28. Succinic acid was the only product detected through 1 H NMR spectroscopy.…”