Giving Brand Image to a Nation

Abstract

Adapting Keller's brand image theory (1993), this paper presents an exploratory framework for giving brand image to a nation. Utilizing unstructured interviews, the result suggests that tourism and hospitality attributes can be used for giving brand image to a nation and behavioral intention. Specifically, the result denotes that the perceived brand image of a nation is formed according to tourists' cognitive and affective beliefs, which at the end; influence the action to recommend to others and/or for repeat visitation. In addition, the “pretentious” nation brand campaign and national identity found in this exploratory study should be focused upon as variables for further research and testing the framework.

Accessibility and Tourist Satisfaction—Influencing Factors for Tourism in Dobrogea, Romania

“…Using historical averages, the Google Maps API generates credible predictions that take into account traffic conditions and congestion losses through real-time location data [18]. Given the strong correlation between the time cost and distance, only the time cost was retained, with the average speed derived for further analysis.…”

“…This analysis revealed that tourists expressed attention, importance, and interest in what sensitised or satisfied them during their visits to these attractions (Figure 2). Using historical averages, the Google Maps API generates credible predictions that take into account traffic conditions and congestion losses through real-time location data [18]. Given the strong correlation between the time cost and distance, only the time cost was retained, with the average speed derived for further analysis.…”

“…The concept of accessibility in tourism was defined by Ghose and Johann (2018) [17] as the ease with which desired goods, services, activities, and destinations can be reached through the availability, affordability, and convenience of transportation facilities and information, or the geographic distribution of activities and destinations. Accessibility is a key attribute of tourism and hospitality, and it can be understood as an attribute of the destination image that influences tourist satisfaction [18,19]. The conceptual framework of tourism satisfaction highlights the direct impact of accessibility on tourist satisfaction.…”