Given the same dietary carotenoid inclusion, Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar(L.) display higher blood levels of canthaxanthin than astaxanthin

Abstract

Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, fitted with permanent dorsal aorta cannulae were fed diets containing either 0, 30, 60 mg kg−1 or combinations of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin, with the aim of comparing the uptake efficiencies to blood of the two pigments and evaluating possible interactions during absorption when formulated in the same diet. Given either astaxanthin or canthaxanthin in separate diets, at dietary levels of <30 mg kg−1, an identical linear relationship (R2 = 0.97) between dietary levels and blood concentrations was observed for both carotenoids. At dietary astaxanthin inclusions above 30 mg kg−1, blood astaxanthin concentration approached saturation at an average level of 1.2 ± 0.04 μg mL−1 (arithmetic mean ± SD), whereas blood levels of canthaxanthin continued to increase linearly throughout the inclusion range tested (0–60 mg kg−1). When both carotenoids were presented in the same diet, a reduction in the absorption efficiency of both pigments was observed (P < 0.05). This manifested itself as a lower level in blood than the level observed when each carotenoid was administered separately. The negative interaction was most prominent for astaxanthin, the maximum average blood saturation level of which fell (P < 0.05) to 0.73 ± 0.03 μg mL−1 (arithmetic mean ± SD). Our data support the conclusion that at higher dietary inclusions, canthaxanthin is more efficiently absorbed from the digestive tract into the blood of S. salar than astaxanthin.

Carotenoid‐Based Plumage Colors and Immune Function: Is There a Trade‐Off for Rare Carotenoids?

“…Alternatively, our results might be explained by a tradeoff between the uptake of b-carotene and the uptake of lutein and/or zeaxanthin due to limited absorption capacity (Kiessling et al 2003). The uptake of b-carotene might be actively or passively favored (shown by Gregory 2004 for zeaxanthin) due to increased b-carotene need during immune response (Bieri and Farrell 1976;Surai 2002).…”

Effect of nutritional status and sampling intensity on recovery after dorsal aorta cannulation in free-swimming Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

“…All fish were sedated, anaesthetized and cannulated following the procedure of Kreiberg and Powell (1991) and Soivio et al (1975), respectively, with modifications described by Kiessling et al (1995Kiessling et al ( , 2003 using 0.5 mg kg -1 metomidate (metomidate hydrochloride; Syndell Ltd, Victoria, B.C. Canada) as pre-anaesthetic sedation administered directly in the experimental tank, followed by 60 mg l -1 Metacanium (MS 222, tricaine methane sulphonate; Norwegian Medical Depot, Bergen, Norway) anaesthetic in a separate bath.…”

“…Most studies that have utilized this method have focused on short-term physiological measurements such as blood volume (Conte et al 1963), evaluation of haematological parameters (Soivio et al 1975), endocrinology (Zohar 1980), post-prandial levels of plasma amino acids (Ok et al 2001), degree and time course of changes in catecholamine and cortisol concentrations in cannulated black box-confined rainbow trout (Gamperl et al 1994a) and immunological measures (Lo et al 2003). In a series of experiment, Kiessling et al introduced long-term studies of free swimming and voluntarily feeding cannulated fish (Eliason et al 2007(Eliason et al , 2009Hamre et al 2001;Karlsson et al 2006;Kiessling et al 1995Kiessling et al , 2003Kiessling et al , 2006Kiessling et al , 2009Olsen et al 2005a;Sunde et al 2003) The DA cannulation method involves several procedures that are known to stress the fish, such as handling, sedation and surgery, in addition to isolating the fish in individual tanks. The presence of the catheter and the sampling protocol may also induce stress directly or due to loss of blood.…”

Postprandial changes in plasma free amino acid levels obtained simultaneously from the hepatic portal vein and the dorsal aorta in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

“…Cannulation was performed on anaesthetized fish (0.1·g·l -1 MS-222; tricaine methane sulphonate). The DA cannulation was performed according to the method of Soivio et al (Soivio et al, 1975) and included adjustments described (Kiessling et al, 1995;Kiessling et al, 2003). The HPV cannulation has been described in detail elsewhere (Eliason et al, 2006).…”

“…Since its establishment as a method for long-term nutrition studies in the mid-1990s (Kiessling et al, 1995), it has been standardized, well characterized for its physiological components and acknowledged as yielding representative data of a fish in a normal physiological state (B. Djordjevic, T. Kristensen, Ø. Øverli, B. O. Rosseland and A. Kiessling, manuscript submitted for publication). Fish with a DA cannulation seem to recover their physiological and nutritional status within 24·h post-surgery (Kiessling et al, 1995;Kiessling et al, 2003) (B. Djordjevic, T. Kristensen, Ø. Øverli, B. O. Rosseland and A. Kiessling, manuscript submitted for publication). In contrast to the DA cannulation technique, HPV cannulation in fish is more difficult and intrusive , but the recovery time is similar, with blood cortisol, glucose, ion, pH, CO 2 and haematocrit values being restored during the first 24·h (Eliason et al, 2007).…”