Given the option, people avoid incongruent responses in a dual-tasking situation

Separating facilitation and interference in backward crosstalk.

“…It is worth noting that the present results are somewhat at variance with the results of Schubert et al (2008) and Naefgen et al (2022, Experiment 1). As we discussed in more detail in the introductary part, these studies also included a neutral condition, but hint toward a larger interference than facilitation effect.…”

“…Thus, speculations as to why our results differ from theirs should be made with caution. Nevertheless, one reason with respect to the study by Naefgen et al (2022, Experiment 1) might be that there were twice as many neutral trials than (in)compatible trials in that study. Yet, it remains open for future research to address the differences between the studies in more detail.…”

“…In sum, the studies by Schubert et al (2008) and Naefgen et al (2022) seem to suggest that the BCE is, by a larger part, the result of an interference effect rather than a facilitation effect. This state, however, contradicts the implicit assumptions and predictions of the descriptive and quantitative models of the BCE (see also Figure 2).…”

“…Previous BCE studies (e.g., Durst & Janczyk, 2019; Ellenbogen & Meiran, 2008; Hommel, 1998; Janczyk, Renas, & Durst, 2018; Miller, 2006) were primarily interested in the BCE proper, which is the difference between compatible and incompatible conditions. As a neutral condition was often neglected in studies on the (R1–R2) BCE (although see Naefgen et al, 2022; Schubert et al, 2008, for some exceptions), the contribution of facilitation and interference to the BCE remained yet unclear. Disentangling their unique contributions, however, is certainly important because current descriptive and quantitative models (Hommel, 1998; Janczyk, Renas, & Durst, 2018; Koob et al, 2023) of the BCE implicitly assume T2 response activation to be similar in both compatible and incompatible conditions.…”

Brain functional characterization of response-code conflict in dual-tasking and its modulation by age

“…However, the specific cognitive and neural mechanisms behind dual-task costs are not fully grasped yet and may be manifold. Previous studies have identified different sources of interference, such as a structural response selection bottleneck (Fagot and Pashler 1992; Pashler 1994), limited parallel processing capacity (Watter and Logan 2006; Miller et al 2009; Koch et al 2018), or crosstalk, which will be the focus of the present study (Pieczykolan and Huestegge 2018; Naefgen et al 2022; Weller et al 2022; Paas Oliveros et al 2023). Crosstalk refers to the non-intentional information transmission between processing streams of different (sub)tasks (Navon and Miller 1987).…”