GIS-Based Tunnel Deformation Monitoring System

BIM, machine learning and computer vision techniques in underground construction: Current status and future perspectives

“…Included are route design and site selection of utility networks and rock cavern (Cheng and Chang, 2001), digital recording of geological and geomechanical surveying data during tunnel excavation (Thum and Paoli, 2015), as well as supporting risk assessment of geohazards such as water inrush during tunnel construction (Li and Li, 2014). Moreover, GIS-based monitoring of tunnel deformation (Liu et al, 2009), underground mine subsidence (Li and Li, 2014), mining-induced surface deformation (Spreckels et al, 2001), underground pipeline surveying (Zhang et al, 2016b) and underground utilities mapping integrating augmented reality (Fenais et al, 2019) have also been implemented. In addition, Borrmann et al (2015) proposed an IFC-based multi-scale tunnel model inspired by the CityGML's intrinsic LoD representations.…”