GIS-Based Spatial Correlation Analysis: Sustainable Development and Two Generations of Demographic Changes

Abstract

Population growth is a global issue that contributes to the changes in the distribution and concentration of population. Population growth affects the sustainable development of an area from both a social and spatial point of view. To relate the global problem to a local issue, this research investigates one of the Malaysian government policies addressed as the New Economic Policy (NEP) because the policy may be linked to long-term spatial demographic changes in Peninsular Malaysia, particularly in the distribution of people. Back in 1970, the policy was implemented after an unwanted incident on 13 May 1969. Its goals were to eradicate poverty regardless of race and to restructure society by eliminating the identification of race with economic functions. To measure the successfulness of the policy, two indicators that were derived from the goals are the long-term spatial changes of both racial and occupational segregation. The magnitude for both segregations was calculated using the Entropy Index (H). The values were then carried forward to evaluate the relationship between these two variables. The final analysis was conducted using the Local Bivariate Relationships application of a Geographic Information System (GIS) tool. The outputs then reflect the two sustainable goals that are, (i) reduced inequalities, and (ii) sustainable cities and communities in Peninsular Malaysia.

Analyzing the Evolution of Land-Use Changes Related to Vegetation, in the Galicia Region, Spain: From 1990 to 2018

“…Institutions and citizens have been paying more attention to issues of sustainable development in the last few years [1,2]. The international agendas have also specified a set of short-term measures and goals for reducing the impact of human activities on natural systems.…”

“…This concept reflects the fact that sustainable development refers to a condition in which an input provides the best possible result without depleting natural resources. In accordance with the definition of sustainable development, there is a blueprint known as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) that directs people toward sustainable development [1].…”

“…These objectives place a premium on the long-term Outline Perspective Plan (OPP). The United Nations General Assembly launched the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015, and they are now implemented in all nations [1,4].…”

“…Administrators in the field of social work, for example, could utilize this technology to document the prerequisites for a new agency location. Furthermore, policymakers can offer the findings of a needs assessment or evaluative study, and academics can present the findings of a needs assessment or evaluative study [1,[6][7][8]. GIS can be traced back to a variety of technologies, processes, and procedures used in science, technology, and business, such as geodesy, mapping, geology, and seafaring; coordinate-time referencing of objects; processing and aggregation of photographic images from space for scientific and military purposes; and processing of geophysics and geodynamics data [1,7].…”

“…Furthermore, policymakers can offer the findings of a needs assessment or evaluative study, and academics can present the findings of a needs assessment or evaluative study [1,[6][7][8]. GIS can be traced back to a variety of technologies, processes, and procedures used in science, technology, and business, such as geodesy, mapping, geology, and seafaring; coordinate-time referencing of objects; processing and aggregation of photographic images from space for scientific and military purposes; and processing of geophysics and geodynamics data [1,7]. GIS is defined by Burrough (1986) [8] as a set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving, modifying, and displaying spatial data from the real world for a specific purpose.…”