GIS-Based Rainfall Analysis Using Remotely Sensed Data in Kirkuk Province, Iraq

Abstract

This research aims to calculate the rate of rainfall for two consecutive years, 2018 and 2019, to study and analyze the drought periods during these years. The research was conducted in Kirkuk province north of Iraq, by dividing the study area into five regions based on five stations of rainfall records. Two types of data used in investigations; remotely sensed daily precipitations from integrated multi-satellite retrievals and monthly precipitations average rate from NASA power application. The methodology involved the calculation of rainfall rats by three methods; Mean, Thiessen’s polygons, and the Isohyetal technique. Data were analyzed, and final maps were produced using Geographic Information Systems. For the year 2018 the average annual rainfall rate produced by Mean, Thiessen’s polygons, and Isohyetal technique were; 1.376, 1.341, and 1.343 respectively. But, for the year 2019 the average annual rainfall rate produced by Mean, Thiessen’s polygons, and Isohyetal technique were; 0.966, 0.932, and 0.882 respectively. The results showed the scarcity of water and the lack of rainfall during the study years, which has a great impact on the region's exposure to drought, represented by the drying up of rivers.

Surface Water Changes and Water Depletion of Lake Hamrin, Eastern Iraq, Using Sentinel-2 Images and Geographic Information Systems

“…A high correlation of decreasing area each year imposes rapid intervention to develop appropriate strategies to prevent the drying up of the [8] showed a significant recorded correlation of 0.84 between rainfall and Hamrin lake's water value. Besides, a study was conducted by Hadi et al, [23] in which they proved precipitation deficiency in a cumulative manner thru study years, and thus its effect on the drying up of rivers and lakes [23]. Moreover, based on Khalaf [22] lake Hamrin experienced a decrease in lake's surface area, which threatens to dry up the lake, that consistent the current study results.…”

Evaluation of Acid Rain Impacts Using Geostatistical Analysis and Remotely Sensed Data in Kirkuk City, Iraq

“…The average precipitation was within low concentrations during the two periods of study. Lately, the study area has examined water scarcity and rainfall lack (Hadi et al, 2022). Generally, Iraq was suffering from a lack of rainfall (Habbeb et al, 2022;, it lost a high water capacity in the past years, where rainfall reduced from the normal levels by 40% (Jumaah et al, 2023b).…”

“…Remote sensing and GIS-based evaluations offer the best solutions and effective information interpretation with spatial data visualization (Hadi et al, 2022;Jamal Jumaah et al, 2023;Ahmad et al, 2024). This study aims to evaluate acid rain ranges in Kirkuk city using GIS-based spatial interpolation mapping, mathematical statistical analysis, and laboratory tests.…”

Environmental impact of fouling for crude oil flow in preheat pipes according to oil blends

“…A common barrier to effective fouling avoidance is a lack of understanding of the processes at play and pollution's transitory, ever-changing effects on heat exchanger efficiency. More significant pressure loss, increased under-deposit rust, diminished heat transfer, and flow are just some of the practical severe issues that can arise from fouling in tubes, flow passageways, and other areas of processing equipment [ [18] , [19] , [20] ]. Additionally, these editing efforts briefly discuss the environmental effects of heat exchanger pollution, inevitably, the accumulated effect of fouling on a heat exchanger will inevitably vary depending on the intensity of the contamination and the operating circumstances.…”