GIS-based approach qualitative features of sub-surface water from coastal district in Andhra Pradesh

Abstract

Quality of water, along Mandal headquarters of a coastal district of Andhra Pradesh, India, was assessed prior to and past rainfall season to determine water's acceptability for consumption using water quality index (WQI). The present work involved collecting groundwater samples from Mandal headquarters' locations present in the entire district. All the samples were analysed in a comprehensive way for ten physicochemical parameters, including pH, magnesium, calcium, chloride, sulphate, nitrates, total dissolved solids, fluoride, potassium, and sodium. The geographical information system was used for mapping sampling sites. The coordinates of sample collection areas were recorded employing GPS. Correlation matrices for cation–anion were illustrated and from the qualitative results of the samples. Results indicate that WQI prior and past-rainfall seasons ranged from 37.53 to 312.46; 42.04 to 211.89 in 2016, while for 2017, these were in the range of 25.01 to 137.06; 30.06 to 228.83. The present study's WQI values indicate that the water samples possess poor quality, and no fluoride contaminations were observed. The analysis suggests appropriate treatment of sub-surface water from the study site before consumption.

Image Simulation of Traditional Village Spatial Layout Based on Computer Numerical Analysis

“…Doarn and others studied in detail the relationship between rural settlements and their natural environment, and analyzed the relationship with sunshine duration and river systems [4]. Karnena et al systematically discussed the relationship between settlement and environment, emphasizing that the settlement location and natural environment are inseparable [5]. Brotons-Gisbert and others advocated repairing the old as the old, and believed that the restoration of ancient buildings should follow the original appearance, adhering to the continuity of style, and put forward the theory of ancient building restoration that has a great influence on later generations.…”

Groundwater quality assessment by Water quality index (WQI) and Multivariate statistical analysis (MSA) for coastal zones of Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh

“…A weight (w i ) is assigned for each chemical variable conferring to the relative weights obtained from Karnena and Vara, 2019. Further, the relative weight (W i ) was calculated from the following equations (Karnena et al, 2022), and here n represents several samples (Eq 1 to 4).…”

“…According to the WHO (2004) and BIS (2012), the permissible limit for the TDs is 600 mg/L. The TDs greater than 10 3 mg/L are unacceptable for drinking purposes and require treatment before consumption (Karnena et al, 2022). The sampling sites in the postmonsoon, i.e., Etcherla (710 mg/L), Gara (1400 mg/L) and Polaki (1950 mg/L), exceeded the limit, and Polaki (1770 mg/L) and Kaviti (350 mg/L) exceeded the permissible limits in the pre-monsoon.…”

“…The rapid increase in population and urbanization amplified the demand for groundwater (GW). According to the literature available, it was estimated that 1.5 billion people worldwide rely on groundwater for drinking (Karnena et al, 2022;Li et al, 2021). A developing country like India has a greater need for groundwater as they act as a significant source for drinking.…”

“…The WQi are the arithmetic mean calculation used to determine the water quality in the sampling areas. Horton (1965) was the scientist who invented the analysis, and many researchers (Karnena et al, 2022;Adimalla et al, 2022) adopted and performed these calculations to identify the groundwater quality. Later Karnena and Vara (2019) developed various models for the WQi based on the rating and weightage of the water quality physicochemical parameters obtained by the arithmetical mean.…”