Girl power: the European marriage pattern and labour markets in the North Sea region in the late medieval and early modern period¹

From Stagnation to Sustained Growth: The Role of Female Empowerment

“…Throughout history, women have always worked. However, the bargaining position of women within the household 6 , 6 Defined as a cooperative economic unit aimed at the fulfillment of the needs of its members (De Moor and van Zanden, 2009) 1895 1900 1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 (a) Illiteracy rate en milliers 1904 1910 1916 1922 1928 1934 1940 1946 1952 1958 1964 1970 1976 1982 (b) Primary and Secondary Enrollment Rate evolved over time according to socio-economic and ideological factors 7 ;…”

‘‘Isn't it time you were finishing?’’: Women's Labor Force Participation and Childbearing in England, 1860–1920

“…The historiography of fertility determining women's LFP in this way is extensive. Tine De Moor and Jan Luiten van Zanden (2010) recently argued that the late medieval and early modern northwest European marriage pattern made women's LFP much easier there than in other regions. Simon Szreter and Eilidh Garrett (2000) argue that even within marriage, the use of family limitation long before the fertility decline was making it easier for some women to do paid work.…”

Historical Demography. Understanding Temporal Change, Individual Variation and Regional Persistence

“…Second, and understandably, the origins of family systems are sought in diffferent directions. Some scholars focus on the impact of the Black Death on women's labour participation to explain late marriage in Europe, 70 whilst others put more emphasis on the early medieval spread of Roman Catholicism and the manorial system. 71 Some even go back to the Bronze Age to explain global variation in family types.…”