Ginsenosides Rg5 and Rk1 Enriched Cultured Wild Ginseng Root Extract Bioconversion of Pediococcus pentosaceus HLJG0702: Effect on Scopolamine-Induced Memory Dysfunction in Mice

Abstract

Wild ginseng is known to contain additional physiologically and pharmacologically active substances than common ginseng. The utilization of this herb can be maximized by altering its composition via tissue culture generating adventitious roots. We enriched the content of specific ginsenosides and investigated their role in ameliorating memory impairment. Cultured wild ginseng root was subjected to extraction, steaming, and fermentation using Pediococcus pentosaceus HLJG0702 to enhance the levels of ginsenosides Rg5 /Rk1. The analysis of product, HLJG0701, confirmed target ginsenosides. We analyzed the inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rg5/Rk1, HLJG0701 and the raw material on acetylcholinesterase. Further, we performed Morris water maze, Y-maze, and passive avoidance tasks with mice exhibiting memory deficit induced by scopolamine, and we analyzed the concentrations of acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine in their brains. Studies showed that the levels of ginsenosides Rg5 /Rk1, not found in the raw material, were enhanced in HLJG0701. Ginsenosides and HLJG0701 significantly inhibited acetylcholinesterase unlike the raw material. In all behavioral tasks, HLJG0701 showed memory improvement. It reduced acetylcholinesterase, whereas, it preserved acetylcholine in brain. In conclusion, cultured wild ginseng root extract fermented by P. pentosaceus HLJG0702 contains the distinctive ginsenosides Rg5/Rk1, which may ameliorate memory impairment via inhibition of acetylcholinesterase resulting in increased acetylcholine levels in the brain.

Pediococcus pentosaceus, a future additive or probiotic candidate

“…Even ginseng root-extracted P. pentosaceus HLJG0702 was found to be able to produce HLJG0701. HLJG0701 also significantly improved the concentration of the ginsenosides Rg5/Rk1 to inhibit acetylcholinesterase in scopolamine-induced memory dysfunction mice, which manifested as an improvement in brain function [ 138 ].…”

Dynamic changes in chemical compositions and anti‐acetylcholinesterase activity associated with steaming process of stem‐leaf saponins of Panax notoginseng

“…The anti‐acetylcholinesterase activity of steamed SLS was almost unchanged after steaming at 100°C for 4 h. The anti‐acetylcholinesterase activity of steamed SLS was gradually increased with the extension of steamed time at 120°C and 140°C, and reached the maximum after steaming at 140°C for 3 h. However, the anti‐acetylcholinesterase activity slightly decline when the steamed time achieved 4 h at 140°C. Previous research has suggested that ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5 have a protective effect on neurodegenerative diseases (An et al, 2019; Kim et al, 2013). Therefore, the anti‐acetylcholinesterase activities of ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5 were assessed.…”

“…The anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of SLS and steamed SLS were assessed in vitro and summarized in (An et al, 2019;Kim et al, 2013). Therefore, the anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5 were assessed.…”

“…Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, and notoginsenoside Fc are the most abundant components in SLSs (Wan et al, 2012; Wan, Yang, Li, Wang, Cui, 2006). Increasing evidence suggest that less‐polar saponins exhibit stronger pharmacological activity on neurological disease (An et al, 2019; Kim et al, 2013). Steaming is one of the processing methods of traditional Chinese medicine, in which the purified Chinese medicine along with water is put into a steamed container and the mixture heated to a certain degree.…”

Neuroprotective Effect and Antioxidant Potency of Fermented Cultured Wild Ginseng Root Extracts of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer in Mice

“…The natural growth rate of wild ginseng is very low, making it difficult to commercialize. Luckily, cultured wild ginseng roots produced by in vitro culture are known to have a similar genetic DNA to wild ginseng, with high saponin contents [ 50 , 51 ]. In this study, we optimized an adventitious root culture of ginseng using a bioreactor [ 52 ].…”