Ginsenoside Rb2 Alleviates Obesity by Activation of Brown Fat and Induction of Browning of White Fat

Hong, Yilian; Lin, Yi; Si, Qiya; Yang, Lijuan; Dong, Weisong; Gu, Xuejiang

doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00153

Cited by 36 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…As overfeeding processes escalate, hypertrophic adipocytes eventually overfill, yielding necrotic cellular debris and large lipid droplets to the detriment of neighbouring tissues, which play important roles in impairing insulin sensitivity. Indeed, the present report showed that Rb2 was effective in the control of weight gain and blood glucose levels in HFD-fed mice, which corroborated our previous study [ 17 , 18 ]. To further observe the effects of Rb2 on IR in vitro, we treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes with a TNF-α intervention to induce a classic IR cell model.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Rb2, which possesses various bioactivities including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-obesity activities, has been studied for a long time [13,15,18,19]. However, there is little research exploring the mechanism by which Rb2 improves IR in obese mice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our recent study revealed that Rb2 could attenuate insulin resistance both in vitro and vivo via phosphorylation of AKT and inhibited NF-κB signalling pathway [17]. The other article of our group showed that Rb2 improved insulin sensitivity by activation of brown fat and induction of browning of white Fat [18]. However, there are few researches on exploring the mechanism that Rb2 improves IR on pyroptosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Ginsenoside Rb2 improves insulin resistance by inhibiting adipocyte pyroptosis

Lin

et al. 2020

Adipocyte

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Pyroptosis plays a critical role in the development of obesity-associated inflammation and insulin resistantance (IR). Ginsenoside Rb2 (Rb2), the main component of ginsenosides has drawn appreciable interest in the context of glucose metabolism. In the present study, we investigated Rb2-mediated protection against obesity-induced IR and the related mechanisms. Rb2 could significantly reduce high-fat diet (HFD)-induced body weight changes, fat accumulation and IR. In addition, Rb2 treatment inhibited pyroptosis-related genes and proteins, such as caspase-1, ASC, NLRP3, IL-1β and GSDMD in HFD-fed mice. The above results were recapitulated in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and demonstrated that Rb2 improved TNF-α induced IR and pyroptosis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Furthermore, Rb2 reduced the phosphorylation levels of p65 and IκBα both in vitro and in vivo. The present study showed that Rb2, which could serve as a promising agent for the treatment of IR and obesity, ameliorated IR by inhibiting pyroptosis in adipocytes in vivo and in vitro through the NF-κB pathway.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Ginsenoside Rb2 improves insulin resistance by inhibiting adipocyte pyroptosis

Lin

et al. 2020

Adipocyte

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“…For instance, it has been found that Rb1 induces browning through the regulation of PPARγ [22], PRDM16, PGC1α, and UCP1 [23] in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, Rb2 promotes browning of white fat in mice [24], and Rg1 induces browning by upregulating UCP1 expression and mitochondrial activity in white adipocyte [25]. Ginsenoside Rg3 is naturally present at a very low level or trace amounts in American ginseng root extract [26] and Asian ginseng [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginsenoside Rg3 Induces Browning of 3T3-L1 Adipocytes by Activating AMPK Signaling

Kim

Nam

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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Ginsenoside Rg3, one of the major components in Panax ginseng, has been reported to possess several therapeutic effects including anti-obesity properties. However, its effect on the browning of mature white adipocytes as well as the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, we suggested a novel role of Rg3 in the browning of mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes by upregulating browning-related gene expression. The browning effects of Rg3 on differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were evaluated by analyzing browning-related markers using quantitative PCR, immunoblotting, and immunostaining. In addition, the size and sum area of lipid droplets in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were measured using Oil-Red-O staining. In mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes, Rg3 dose-dependently induced the expression of browning-related genes such as Ucp1, Prdm16, Pgc1α, Cidea, and Dio2. Moreover, Rg3 induced the expression of beige fat-specific genes (CD137 and TMEM26) and lipid metabolism-associated genes (FASN, SREBP1, and MCAD), which indicated the activation of lipid metabolism by Rg3. We also demonstrated that activation of 5’ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is required for Rg3-mediated up-regulation of browning gene expression. Moreover, Rg3 inhibited the accumulation of lipid droplets and reduced the droplet size in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Taken together, this study identifies a novel role of Rg3 in browning of white adipocytes, as well as suggesting a potential mechanism of an anti-obesity effect of Panax ginseng.

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“…Recently, a study found that ginsenoside Rb2 alleviated obesity by activation of brown fat and induction of browning of white fat, suggesting that Rb2 has effects on energy metabolism similar to Rd . Ginsenoside Rb2 and Rd are both PPD‐type ginsenosides.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginsenoside Rd Ameliorates High Fat Diet‐Induced Obesity by Enhancing Adaptive Thermogenesis in a cAMP‐Dependent Manner

Lü

Han

Zhao

et al. 2020

Obesity

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Objective With the discovery of thermogenic adipocytes in humans, it has been hypothesized that enhancing adaptive thermogenesis may improve obesity. Although many studies have found that ginseng can improve obesity, the beneficial effects of ginsenoside Rd on obesity and its mechanisms have not been studied. Methods High‐fat diet‐induced obese mice were used as the study subjects, with intraperitoneal injection of Rd daily at a dose of 15 mg/kg. Body weight and energy metabolism were observed. The effects of Rd on glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and cold tolerance were tested. The expression of genes associated with thermogenesis was analyzed. Finally, the mechanisms by which Rd regulates adaptive thermogenesis were studied. Results Rd ameliorated obesity and insulin resistance. Rd increased cold tolerance through enhancing thermogenic gene expression in brown adipose tissue and increased the browning of white adipose tissue induced by cold stress. Rd increased intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) content. Decreasing intracellular cAMP levels by an inhibitor of adenylyl cyclase SQ22536 abolished the promoting effects of Rd on the expression of thermogenic genes. Conclusions Rd improves obesity and insulin resistance. The upregulation of thermogenesis by Rd is dependent on the cAMP/protein kinase A signaling pathway.

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Ginsenoside Rb2 Alleviates Obesity by Activation of Brown Fat and Induction of Browning of White Fat

Cited by 36 publications

References 49 publications

Ginsenoside Rb2 improves insulin resistance by inhibiting adipocyte pyroptosis

Ginsenoside Rb2 improves insulin resistance by inhibiting adipocyte pyroptosis

Ginsenoside Rg3 Induces Browning of 3T3-L1 Adipocytes by Activating AMPK Signaling

Ginsenoside Rd Ameliorates High Fat Diet‐Induced Obesity by Enhancing Adaptive Thermogenesis in a cAMP‐Dependent Manner

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