Ginsenoside Rb1 ameliorates Glycemic Disorder in Mice With High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity via Regulating Gut Microbiota and Amino Acid Metabolism

Yang, Xueyuan; Dong, Bangjian; Liu, An; Zhang, Qi; Chen, Yao; Wang, Honglin; Song, Ziteng

doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.756491

Cited by 24 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 62 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…Ginsenoside Rg1 could increase the levels of Trp metabolites in the serum, including indole-3-carboxaldehyde, indole-3-lactic acid, 3-indolepropionic acid and niacinamide [ 43 ]. In mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity, ginsenoside Rb1 significantly altered the gut microbiota composition and serum Trp [ 44 ]. Fucose increased the abundance of Trp-producing E. coli and normalized the blood Trp levels [ 45 ].…”

Section: Trp Metabolism In Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut Microbiota-Derived Tryptophan Metabolites Maintain Gut and Systemic Homeostasis

Gao

Yang

2022

Cells

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Tryptophan is an essential amino acid from dietary proteins. It can be metabolized into different metabolites in both the gut microbiota and tissue cells. Tryptophan metabolites such as indole-3-lactate (ILA), indole-3-acrylate (IAC), indole-3-propionate (IPA), indole-3-aldehyde (IAID), indoleacetic acid (IAA), indole-3-acetaldehyde and Kyn can be produced by intestinal microorganisms through direct Trp transformation and also, partly, the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway. These metabolites play a critical role in maintaining the homeostasis of the gut and systematic immunity and also potentially affect the occurrence and development of diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases, tumors, obesity and metabolic syndrome, diseases in the nervous system, infectious diseases, vascular inflammation and cardiovascular diseases and hepatic fibrosis. They can not only promote the differentiation and function of anti-inflammatory macrophages, Treg cells, CD4+CD8αα+ regulatory cells, IL-10+ and/or IL-35+B regulatory cells but also IL-22-producing innate lymphoid cells 3 (ILC3), which are involved in maintaining the gut mucosal homeostasis. These findings have important consequences in the immunotherapy against tumor and other immune-associated diseases. We will summarize here the recent advances in understanding the generation and regulation of tryptophan metabolites in the gut microbiota, the role of gut microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolites in different immune cells, the occurrence and development of diseases and immunotherapy against immune-associated diseases.

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Section: Trp Metabolism In Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut Microbiota-Derived Tryptophan Metabolites Maintain Gut and Systemic Homeostasis

Gao

Yang

2022

Cells

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“…to which circulating alanine levels are related. Modulation of alanine may be correlated with Akkermansia spp., which is elevated in abundance by Rb1 to gain glucose homeostasis ( 235 ).…”

Section: Therapeutic Options For Targeting the Gut Microbiota In T2dm...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut microbiota: A new target for T2DM prevention and treatment

et al. 2022

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), one of the fastest growing metabolic diseases, has been characterized by metabolic disorders including hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance (IR). In recent years, T2DM has become the fastest growing metabolic disease in the world. Studies have indicated that patients with T2DM are often associated with intestinal flora disorders and dysfunction involving multiple organs. Metabolites of the intestinal flora, such as bile acids (BAs), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and amino acids (AAs)may influence to some extent the decreased insulin sensitivity associated with T2DM dysfunction and regulate metabolic as well as immune homeostasis. In this paper, we review the changes in the gut flora in T2DM and the mechanisms by which the gut microbiota modulates metabolites affecting T2DM, which may provide a basis for the early identification of T2DM-susceptible individuals and guide targeted interventions. Finally, we also highlight gut microecological therapeutic strategies focused on shaping the gut flora to inform the improvement of T2DM progression.

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“…Most Chinese patent medicines containing ginsenosides had been applied for AS, such as Shexiang Baoxin Pill, Yixingtongmai decoction, Tongxinluo, Xin-Ji-Er-Kang, and Tiaopi Huxin recipe ( Zhang et al, 2022 ). Previous studies showed that protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside Rd, Rb1, and Rg3 exhibited anti-atherosclerotic effects ( Xue et al, 2021 ), and ginsenoside Rb1 could regulate gut microbiota and amino acid metabolism to improve HFD-induced insulin resistance in mice ( Yang et al, 2021 ). A protopanaxadiol ginsenoside Rc (GRc) is an active ingredient of ginsenosides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginsenoside Rc ameliorated atherosclerosis via regulating gut microbiota and fecal metabolites

Xie¹,

Zu²,

Wang³

et al. 2022

Front. Pharmacol.

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Atherosclerosis (AS) and the accompanied cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) were the leading cause of death worldwide. Recently, the association between CVDs, gut microbiota, and metabolites had aroused increasing attention. In the study, we headed our investigation into the underlying mechanism of ginsenoside Rc (GRc), an active ingredient of ginsenosides used for the treatment of CVDs, in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE −/− ) mice with high-fat diet (HFD). Sevenweek-old male ApoE −/− mice were randomly divided into four groups: the normal control (NC) group, the HFD group, the GRc group (40 mg/kg/d), and the atorvastatin (Ato) group (10 mg/kg/d). Atherosclerotic injury was evaluated by aortic lesions, serum lipid levels, and inflammatory factors. The composition of gut microbiota and fecal metabolite profile were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequence and untargeted metabolomics, respectively. The results showed that GRc significantly alleviated HFD-induced aortic lesions, reduced serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β, and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HFD-C) level, as well as the alteration of gut microbiota composition, function, and metabolite profile. GRc also reversed HFD change of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes at the phylum level, Muribaculaceae, Lactobacillus, Ileibacterium, Bifidobacterium, Faecalibaculum, Oscillibacter, Blautia, and Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group at the genus level, and 23 key metabolites involved in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, primary bile acid biosynthesis, purine metabolism, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and glucagon signaling pathways. Additionally, eight differential intestinal floras at the genus level were associated with 23 key differential metabolites involving atherosclerotic injury. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that GRc ameliorated atherosclerotic injury, regulated microbial and metabolomic changes in HFD-induced ApoE −/− mice, and suggested a potential correlation among gut microbiota, metabolites, and atherosclerotic injury regarding the mechanisms of GRc against AS.

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Ginsenoside Rb1 ameliorates Glycemic Disorder in Mice With High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity via Regulating Gut Microbiota and Amino Acid Metabolism

Cited by 24 publications

References 62 publications

Gut Microbiota-Derived Tryptophan Metabolites Maintain Gut and Systemic Homeostasis

Gut Microbiota-Derived Tryptophan Metabolites Maintain Gut and Systemic Homeostasis

Gut microbiota: A new target for T2DM prevention and treatment

Ginsenoside Rc ameliorated atherosclerosis via regulating gut microbiota and fecal metabolites

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