Ginsenoside compound K ameliorates Alzheimer’s disease in HT22 cells by adjusting energy metabolism

Chen, Xijun; Li, Hui; Yang, Qing; Lan, Xingcheng; Wang, Jifeng; Cao, Zhanhong; Shi, Xinjian; Li, Jing; Kan, Mo; Qu, Xiaobo; Li, Na

doi:10.1007/s11033-019-04988-0

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Besides, ATP levels of cells were enhanced by increasing the activity of glucose transporters. Compound K restored abnormal energy metabolism (Aβ induced) by modulating the expressions of several enzymes ( Table 4 ) [ 99 ]. Zong et al first found that the CK mitigates cerebral discrepancies and Aβ 1-42 accumulation in the hippocampus of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced vascular dementia SD rats by enhancing the pSer9Glycogen synthase kinase-3b expression.…”

Section: Health-promoting Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginsenoside Compound K: Insights into Recent Studies on Pharmacokinetics and Health-Promoting Activities

Sharma

Lee

2020

Biomolecules

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Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is an herb popular for its medicinal and health properties. Compound K (CK) is a secondary ginsenoside biotransformed from major ginsenosides. Compound K is more bioavailable and soluble than its parent ginsenosides and hence of immense importance. The review summarizes health-promoting in vitro and in vivo studies of CK between 2015 and 2020, including hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, anti-aging/skin protective, and others. Clinical trial data are minimal and are primarily based on CK-rich fermented ginseng. Besides, numerous preclinical and clinical studies indicating the pharmacokinetic behavior of CK, its parent compound (Rb1), and processed ginseng extracts are also summarized. With the limited evidence available from animal and clinical studies, it can be stated that CK is safe and well-tolerated. However, lower water solubility, membrane permeability, and efflux significantly diminish the efficacy of CK and restrict its clinical application. We found that the use of nanocarriers and cyclodextrin for CK delivery could overcome these limitations as well as improve the health benefits associated with them. However, these derivatives have not been clinically evaluated, thus requiring a safety assessment for human therapy application. Future studies should be aimed at investigating clinical evidence of CK.

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Section: Health-promoting Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginsenoside Compound K: Insights into Recent Studies on Pharmacokinetics and Health-Promoting Activities

Sharma

Lee

2020

Biomolecules

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“…Furthermore, CK attenuated cognitive deficits in vascular dementia rats (122). When HT22 cells were incubated with CK and exposed to Aβ, neuronal damage caused by Aβ was inhibited by activating the energy metabolism signaling pathway (124). Therefore, CK might be a useful preventive or therapeutic agent for AD (65,(122)(123)(124).…”

Section: Effects Of Ck On the Cnsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When HT22 cells were incubated with CK and exposed to Aβ, neuronal damage caused by Aβ was inhibited by activating the energy metabolism signaling pathway (124). Therefore, CK might be a useful preventive or therapeutic agent for AD (65,(122)(123)(124). When treating nervous system disease, chemotherapy often leads to neurocognitive impairment, including learning and memory.…”

Section: Effects Of Ck On the Cnsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A narrative review of the pharmacology of ginsenoside compound K

Liu¹,

Li²,

Wang³

2022

Ann Transl Med

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Background and Objective: The ginsenoside compound K [20-o-beta-dglucopyranosyl-20 (S)protopanaxadiol; CK] is the main deglycosylated metabolite of ginsenoside. As a rare ginsenoside converted from the active substance of ginseng by intestinal bacteria, CK has higher biological activity than other ginsenosides. It has demonstrated diverse and intriguing biological activities, including anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammation, anti-allergy, anti-angiogenesis, anti-aging, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective effects. The purpose of this review was to elucidate the rich pharmacological activities and related mechanisms of ginsenoside CK in vivo and in vitro, as well as the potential therapeutic value of CK as a drug in a variety of systemically related diseases. Methods:The PubMed database was searched for articles published in English from February 2008 to December 2021 using related keywords such as "Ginsenoside compound K", "compound K", and "CK". About 140 research papers and reports written in English were identified. These papers mainly concentrated on the pharmacological activities of CK in cancer prevention, immune regulation, diabetic improvement, central nervous system (CNS) protection, cardiovascular protection, skin improvement, and hepatoprotection.

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“…Therefore, ginsenoside compound K can become a therapeutic agent able to prevent age‐related cognitive impairments due to reduced adult neurogenesis. In addition, ginsenoside compound K could regulate Aβ aggregation and clearance via the energy metabolism signaling pathway (Chen et al, 2019) or the nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2(Nrf2)/Kelch‐like ECH‐associated protein‐1 signaling pathway (Yang et al, 2019), thus achieving the prevention and treatment of AD. Since neuroinflammation may accelerate the process of AD, ginsenoside Rf was able to reduce Aβ‐induced neurotoxicity and memory decline via anti‐inflammatory response during the development of AD (Du, Fu, Wang, & Dong, 2018).…”

Section: Pharmacological Actionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginsenosides in central nervous system diseases: Pharmacological actions, mechanisms, and therapeutics

Xian

et al. 2022

Phytotherapy Research

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The nervous system is one of the most complex physiological systems, and central nervous system diseases (CNSDs) are serious diseases that affect human health. Ginseng (Panax L.), the root of Panax species, are famous Chinese herbs that have been used for various diseases in China, Japan, and Korea since ancient times, and remain a popular natural medicine used worldwide in modern times. Ginsenosides are the main active components of ginseng, and increasing evidence has demonstrated that ginsenosides can prevent CNSDs, including neurodegenerative diseases, memory and cognitive impairment, cerebral ischemia injury, depression, brain glioma, multiple sclerosis, which has been confirmed in numerous studies. Therefore, this review summarizes the potential pathways by which ginsenosides affect the pathogenesis of CNSDs mainly including antioxidant effects, anti-inflammatory effects, anti-apoptotic effects, and nerve protection, which provides novel ideas for the treatment of CNSDs.

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Ginsenoside compound K ameliorates Alzheimer’s disease in HT22 cells by adjusting energy metabolism

Cited by 16 publications

References 37 publications

Ginsenoside Compound K: Insights into Recent Studies on Pharmacokinetics and Health-Promoting Activities

Ginsenoside Compound K: Insights into Recent Studies on Pharmacokinetics and Health-Promoting Activities

A narrative review of the pharmacology of ginsenoside compound K

Ginsenosides in central nervous system diseases: Pharmacological actions, mechanisms, and therapeutics

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