Ginseng in vascular dysfunction: A review of therapeutic potentials and molecular mechanisms

Abstract

Vascular dysfunction can lead to a variety of fatal diseases, including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. Although a large number of studies have reported the therapeutic effects of natural compounds on vascular-related diseases, ginseng is still the focus of research. Ginseng and its active substances have bioactive effects against different diseases with vascular dysfunction. In this review, we summarized the key molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of ginseng, its different active ingredients or formula in the prevention and treatment of vascular-related diseases, including cardiac-cerebral vascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes complications, and cancer. Moreover, the bidirectional roles of ginseng in promoting or inhibiting angiogenesis have been highlighted. We systematically teased out the relationship between ginseng and vascular dysfunction, which could provide a basis for the clinical application of ginseng in the future.

Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species in Vascular Complications of Diabetes: Therapeutic Properties of Medicinal Plants and Food

“…It is worth mentioning that coronary artery disease, diabetes, and obesity are the main causes of UA [218]; however, the roles of natural products in the human body are limited. For example, Ginseng effectively ameliorated oxidative stress and vascular diseases in diabetes in vitro and in vivo [219]. In a randomized controlled trial, combined administration of Korean red Ginseng and American Ginseng improved blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes but did not affect vascular stiffness or endothelial function [220].…”

Prevention effect of total ginsenosides and ginseng extract from Panax ginseng on cyclophosphamide‐induced immunosuppression in mice

“…It is used for body deficiency, cold limbs, slight pulse, less food caused by spleen deficiency, asthma and cough caused by lung deficiency, body deficiency caused by long‐term illness, palpitation, insomnia, heart failure, cardiogenic shock, and so on. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that Ginseng had many therapeutic effects including anti‐inflammatory, anti‐oxidative, anti‐tumor, anti‐obesity, anti‐allergic, anti‐hypertensive, anti‐diabetic, immunomodulatory, neuroprotection, and memory improvement (Zhang, Hu, et al, 2022). The chemical compositions of ginseng contain ginsenosides, polysaccharides, proteins, naphtha, terpenoids, alcohols, fatty (Liu et al, 2020) acids, amino acids, and so on (Song, 2017).…”

Editorial: Pharmacological mechanisms of drugs affecting bone formation and bone resorption

“…In this special collection, Chen et al reported that ginsenoside Rg1 prevents the development of diabetic osteoporosis through the regulation of angiogenesis and osteogenesis coupling in Goto–Kakizaki rats. Emerging evidence suggests that ginseng attenuates the development of diabetic microvascular diseases ( Liu et al, 2021 ; Zhang et al, 2022 ).…”