Ginkgo and Insects

Honda, Hiroshi

doi:10.1007/978-4-431-68416-9_19

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Chemical defences against herbivorous insects may be one of the reasons why Ginkgo survives as a living fossil (Honda, 1997).…”

Section: Herb Ivory and D Is E A S Ementioning

confidence: 99%

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International Biological Flora:Ginkgo biloba

Lin

et al. 2022

Journal of Ecology

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This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgo, Maidenhair tree) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the International Biological Flora: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, reproductive and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history, conservation and global heterogeneity. Globally, Ginkgo survives a wide range of mean annual temperature (−3.3 to 23.3°C) and annual precipitation (34–3925 mm) conditions, according to a meta‐analysis. It prefers a warm, humid, open‐canopy and a well‐drained environment. The species shows strong tolerance to drought, freezing, fire, air pollution, heavy metals and low‐level salt, whereas it is intolerant to long‐time shade and waterlogging. Six Ginkgo trees even survived the atom bomb in Hiroshima, Japan, during World War II. Ginkgo is susceptible to few diseases. Those occurring in nursery seedlings and juvenile trees involve stem rot and leaf blight. The former is caused by Macrophomina phaseoli, which could lead to a mortality rate of 5%–12% (up to 31.8%) for seedlings. This disease can be mitigated by a 4‐h shading treatment and applying organic fertilisers. The pathogens inducing leaf blight include Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Pestalotia ginkgo, which may infect 100% juvenile trees in some regions. The application of 45% carbendazim or 50% Tuzet can effectively prevent leaf blight. Ginkgo biloba is one of the world’s most distinctive trees with an important position in plant evolution and human society. It is a tall deciduous dioecious tree native to China. Refugial populations were identified in three glacial refugia located in eastern, southern and south‐western China, respectively, with a patchy distribution pattern and a small population size. It typically grows along flood‐disturbed streamsides in warm‐temperate deciduous (and evergreen mixed) broadleaved forests. Ginkgo may have been introduced repeatedly out of China since the sixth century. It has been planted as a landscape tree world‐wide, except in Antarctica. Ginkgo is also of great value for edible nuts, herbal medicine, religion and art. It is a natural and cultural symbol of China.

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“…Chemical defences against herbivorous insects may be one of the reasons why Ginkgo survives as a living fossil (Honda, 1997).…”

Section: Herb Ivory and D Is E A S Ementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generally, Ginkgo is highly resistant to insect feeders and pathogens like fungi, viruses and bacteria (Del Tredici, 1991; Major, 1967). Chemical defences against herbivorous insects may be one of the reasons why Ginkgo survives as a living fossil (Honda, 1997). Nevertheless, some invertebrates can cause serious damage.…”

Section: Herbivory and Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

International Biological Flora:Ginkgo biloba

Lin

et al. 2022

Journal of Ecology

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“…or at the foot of hill slopes" (He et al 1997: p. 377), en vironments that are well watered and well drained. G. biloba is very successful as an ur ban street tree (e.g., Handa et al 1997), owing in part to its tolerance to air pollution Lee 1990, Kim et al 1997) and its high re sistance to insects (Major 1967;Kwon et al 1996;Ahn et al 1997;Honda 1997), fungi (Ma jor et al 1960;Major 1967;Christensen and Sproston 1972), bacteria (Mazzanti et al 2000), and viruses (Major 1967), as well as its ability to competitively grow on exposed sites. Ginkgo's resistance to disease is due, in part, to its high production of secondary de fense compounds (e.g., Yoshitama 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological conservatism in the “living fossil”Ginkgo

Royer¹,

Hickey²,

Wing³

2003

Paleobiology

122

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The living species Ginkgo biloba is phylogenetically isolated, has a relictual distribution, and is morphologically very similar to Mesozoic and Cenozoic congenerics. To investigate what adaptations may have allowed this lineage to persist with little or no morphological change for over 100 Myr, we analyzed both sedimentological and floral data from 51 latest Cretaceous to middle Miocene Ginkgo-bearing fossil plant sites in North America and northern Europe. The resulting data indicate that throughout the late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Ginkgo was largely confined to disturbed streamside and levee environments, where it occurred with a consistent set of other plants. These inferred habitats are surprising because the life-history traits of Ginkgo (e.g., slow growth rate, late reproductive maturity, extended reproductive cycle, large and complex seeds, large and slowly developing embryos) are counter to those considered advantageous in modern disturbed habitats. Many flowering plant lineages first appeared or became common in disturbed riparian habitats, and are inferred to have had reproductive and growth traits (e.g., rapid reproduction, small easily dispersed seeds, rapid growth) suited to such habitats. Paleoecological inferences based on both morphology and sedimentary environments thus support the idea that Ginkgo was displaced in riparian habitats by angiosperms with better adaptations to frequent disturbance.

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“…Ginkgo possesses a high degree of resistance to fungal, viral, and bacterial diseases, as well as to ozone and sulfur dioxide pollution, making it an excellent choice for planting in urban areas (Sinclair et al, 1987;Honda, 1997). It also shows tolerance to air pollution (Rensselaer, 1969).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Ginkgo biloba research: Genomics and metabolomics perspectives

Mohanta¹

2012

Afr. J. Biotechnol.

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The maiden hair tree, Ginkgo biloba is very much resistant to a wide spectrum of biotic and abiotic stress conditions. It hardly seems to be attacked by any herbivore or microbe. In spite of its strong resistant nature to wide stress conditions, only little research has been carried out at genomics and metabolomics level to understand its mechanism of stress resistance. Ginkgolide and bilobalide, the unique terpene trilactone present in G. biloba were found to play an important role during stress conditions. Massive parallel sequencing of G. biloba leads to generation of 64057 expressed sequence tags (EST's). Beside this, chloroplast genome (cpDNA) of G. biloba has been sequenced. This massive parallel sequencing of ESTs, along with cpDNA genome, will open the door for high throughput genomic research.

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Ginkgo and Insects

Cited by 8 publications

References 8 publications

International Biological Flora:Ginkgo biloba

International Biological Flora:Ginkgo biloba

Ecological conservatism in the “living fossil”Ginkgo

Advances in Ginkgo biloba research: Genomics and metabolomics perspectives

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