Gingival Recessions and Periodontal Status after Minimum 2-Year-Retention Post-Non-Extraction Orthodontic Treatment

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to assess gingival recessions (GR) and periodontal status in patients previously treated with non-extraction orthodontic treatment and retention at a follow-up of a minimum of two years after the end of treatment. Data from patients aged between 16 and 35 years with a previous non-extraction orthodontic treatment and at least 2 years of retention and full records before and after treatment were collected. The casts were digitalized using the 3Shape TRIOS® intraoral scanner and the Viewbox4 software was used for the measurements. The following parameters were scored: inclination of the lower and upper incisors (IMPA and I^SN) and anterior crowding (Little index). The included patients were recalled for a clinical periodontal follow-up examination and the following parameters were evaluated: buccal and lingual GR (mm) of incisors and canines, bleeding of probing score, plaque score, and gingival phenotype. The digital cast analysis showed a mean Little index of 7.78 (SD 5.83) and 1.39 (SD 0.79), respectively, before and after treatment. The initial and final cephalometric analyses showed an I^SN of 103.53° and 105.78°(SD 7.21) and IMPA of 91.3°and 95.1°, respectively. At the follow-up periodontal visits, the patients showed an overall low oral hygiene with bleeding at probing in 66.6% and plaque in the anterior area in 76.2% of patients. From the total examined 240 teeth of the frontal sextants, three patients had GR (from 1 to 6.5 mm): in the upper arch two at canines and one at central incisor, whereas in the lower arch two at central and one at lateral incisors. The gingival phenotype was thick in 55% of cases. The lingual-to-lingual retainers at follow-up were present in 61.9% of patients. A slight increased risk for buccal GR development was found only in correlation with the presence of fixed retainer and thin gingival phenotype mainly in patients with gingivitis. Thus, non-extraction orthodontic treatment performed with controlled forces and biomechanics seems to not affect the development of GR or the periodontal health after retention.

Smoking Cessation on Periodontal and Peri-Implant Health Status: A Systematic Review

“…Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with the presence of microorganisms and sustained by host-mediated immune-inflammatory response [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ], consequently establishing itself within periodontal tissues and causing their destruction with clinical attachment loss and bone loss [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ] until tooth loss [ 9 ]. The inflammation of periodontal tissues, along with the dysbiotic phenomena of the periodontal microbiome [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ], would also appear to play a role in the pathogenesis of systemic conditions and disorders of degenerative inflammatory and neoplastic nature [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ], which, in turn, could influence the onset and, more importantly, the progression of periodontitis. The rate of progression of periodontitis is primarily estimated through both direct clinical and radiographic evidence of periodontal destruction assessed over time and indirect evidence related to biofilm accumulation.…”

Oral-Systemic Health and Disorders: Latest Advances on Oral–Gut–Lung Microbiome Axis

“…with systemic diseases [13,14]. In the case of periodontitis, an oral dysbiotic disease [15][16][17][18], suspected periodontopathogens could induce, locally and systemically, a chronic inflammatory state, stimulating the immune response and inflammatory transcription factors, including Nuclear Factor K-beta [19][20][21]. In fact, immune-inflammatory dysregulation is considered the primary key mechanism underlying the potential association of periodontitis with multiple systemic disorders [19][20][21].…”

State-of-the-Art in Orthodontics and Gnathology

“…A slight increase in the risk of developing buccal RBC was detected only in correlation with the presence of a fixed retainer and thin gingival phenotype, mainly in patients with gingivitis. Thus, this research will be extremely useful for clinicians in order to schedule periodical periodontal follow-up appointments, mainly in patients after orthodontic treatment, in order to motivate them to maintain better oral hygiene in adulthood [11].…”