Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF): A Diagnostic Tool for the Detection of Periodontal Health and Diseases

Abstract

The methodologies applicable for the evaluation of periodontal associated diseases are constantly evolving to provide quick, realistic, and scientifically proven results. Trends in the past followed a clinical evaluation of periodontal tissues and radiographic-based reports that formed the foundation for detection of diseases involving the structures supporting the teeth. As the confines and limitations of conventional strategies became obvious over the passage of time, hand in hand variety of techniques have evolved and experimentally justified. These improvisations are based on an improved understanding of the periodontal-pathogenic cascade. Periodontal pathogenesis and a paradigm shift from disease understanding to disease prevention and treatment entail few prerequisites that demand the objectivity of diagnostics procedure that includes sensitivity and specificity along with an explanation of the intensity of the disease, Gingival crevicular fluid an oral bio-fluid resides in the close proximity with gingival tissues have been widely used to understand and differentiate the periodontal health and diseased status. The biomarkers present in the GCF can be a reliable tool to detect the minute changes seen in the disease processes. The GCF consists of various host and bacterial-derived products as well as biomarkers which in turn can be evaluated for the diagnosis, prognosis as well as management of the periodontal disease. Thus, the review aims at describing GCF as a potential oral biofluid helpful in differentiating periodontal health and disease status.

Molecular Screening and Analysis Reveal Novel Oral Site-Specific Locations for the Cariogenic Pathogen Scardovia wiggsiae

“…In addition, this study may be among the first to describe the presence of this organism in non-traditional oral sites and locations, such as the biofilm on the dorsum of the tongue and GCF, which have not been oral sites or locations associated with the most prevalent cariogenic- and supragingival biofilm-associated organisms, such as Lactobacillus spp. and S. mutans [ 32 , 33 , 34 ].…”

Bacteriological Evaluation of Gingival Crevicular Fluid in Teeth Restored Using Fixed Dental Prostheses: An In Vivo Study

“…The difficulties in the bacteriologic distinguishing of Bacteroid cultures in normal and in various pathologic conditions of the oral cavity do not allow for identifying a definite causative agent of the disease. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is a body fluid specific to the gingival crevice and is an indicator of periodontal health, and its analysis may help in diagnosing oral diseases [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. The GCF can be collected noninvasively using a cost-effective and site-specific collection strategy and is an ideal tool to detect host–bacterial interactions and to reflect the severity of periodontal inflammation originating from host cells and the numerous microbes harbored in inflamed periodontal pockets from dental prostheses [ 14 , 15 , 16 ].…”

Emerging Role of Epigenetics in Explaining Relationship of Periodontitis and Cardiovascular Diseases

“…Phenotypes depend on specific combinations of genome composition, epigenetic components, and environmental inputs. This has allowed the biomedical community to test the relevance of epigenetic features in specific disease functions and use them as prognostic and diagnostic markers [16,23,64,65].…”

“…Promotion of cytokine production and upregulation of adhesion molecules result in the initiation and acceleration of inflammatory changes that ultimately induce atheroma in the endothelium, and this process is localized to the inner layer of arteries and disturb the blood flow [ 21 ]. Additionally, periodontal pathogens cause bacteremia that enter into endothelial cells, cause dysfunction, and induce a pro-atherogenic response in endothelial cells [ 22 , 23 ]. These deposits in arteries may vary from small to large size, which leads toward ischemia of the heart and results in thrombosis and infarction of blood vessels [ 21 , 24 ].…”