GII.4 norovirus recombinant causes gastroenteritis epidemic in Eastern Australia, winter 2017

Bruggink, Leesa D.; Witlox, Kristie J.; Huang, Bixing; Warrilow, David; Marshall, John A.

doi:10.1002/jmv.25063

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In the winter months of 2017, an increase in gastroenteritis outbreaks was observed in Australia and New Zealand when compared to the previous two years ( Figure 1 ). This increase is consistent with the study by Bruggink et al, 2018 in Victoria, Australia, where the number of outbreaks in 2017 doubled in July ( n = 22) compared to May 2017 ( n = 11) [ 34 ]. Overall, this data suggested the continued dominance of GII.P16/GII.2 or the emergence of a novel norovirus.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Furthermore, the recombinant GII.P4 New Orleans 2009/GII.4 Sydney 2012 was identified as the dominant GII virus in Melbourne WWTP. This result correlated with the study performed by Bruggink et al in Victoria, Australia, in which GII.P4 New Orleans 2009/GII.4 Sydney 2012 was shown to be responsible for 69% of all outbreaks investigated between January and September 2017 [ 34 ], demonstrating the usefulness of wastewater samples for norovirus surveillance.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The GII.Pe/GII.4 Sydney 2012 sequences are denoted with a red triangle, GII.P4 New Orleans 2009/GII.4 Sydney 2012 with a yellow circle, the GII.P16/GII.4 Sydney 2012 sequences with a green diamond and the prototype GII.4 New Orleans 2009 is denoted by a purple square. The asterisks (*) denote sequences obtained from the Bruggink et al 2018 study [ 34 ]. Sequence alignments were performed with MUSCLE algorithm.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Recombinant GII.P16/GII.4 Sydney 2012 Was the Dominant Norovirus Identified in Australia and New Zealand in 2017

Lun

Hewitt

Yan

et al. 2018

Viruses

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For the past two decades, norovirus pandemic variants have emerged every 3–5 years, and dominate until they are replaced by alternate strains. However, this scenario changed in 2016 with the co-circulation of six prevalent viruses, three of which possessed the pandemic GII.4 Sydney 2012 capsid. An increased number of institutional gastroenteritis outbreaks were reported within the Oceania region in mid-2017. This study identified emerging noroviruses circulating in Australia and New Zealand in 2017 to assess the changing dynamics of the virus infection. RT-PCR-based methods, next generation sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses were used to genotype noroviruses from both clinical and wastewater samples. Antigenic changes were observed between the capsid of pandemic Sydney 2012 variant and the two new Sydney recombinant viruses. The combination of these antigenic changes and the acquisition of a new ORF1 through recombination could both facilitate their ongoing persistence in the population. Overall, an increased prevalence of GII.P16/GII.4 Sydney 2012 viruses was observed in 2017, replacing the GII.P16/GII.2 recombinant that dominated in the region at the end of 2016. This shift in strain dominance was also observed in wastewater samples, demonstrating the reliability of wastewater as a molecular surveillance tool.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Recombinant GII.P16/GII.4 Sydney 2012 Was the Dominant Norovirus Identified in Australia and New Zealand in 2017

Lun

Hewitt

Yan

et al. 2018

Viruses

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“…Based on VP1 sequences, GII.P16/GII.4–2012 strains were phylogenetically separated from previously circulating GII.4–2012 strains, but their antigenic domains in the capsid remains unchanged [29]. Besides, two other recombinants of GII.Pe/GII.4–2012 and GII.P4–2009/GII.4–2012 were also reported co-circulating with the GII.P16/GII.4–2012 [27, 30]. In addition to antigenic evolution, recombination is an important evolutionary pattern for GII.4 genotype, and three recombination hot spots have been reported, including near the ORF1/ORF2 and ORF2/ORF3 overlaps, as well as within ORF2 [31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The resurgence of the norovirus GII.4 variant associated with sporadic gastroenteritis in the post-GII.17 period in South China, 2015 to 2017

et al. 2019

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Background Human norovirus is regarded as the leading cause of nonbacterial acute diarrhea in developing and developed countries. Among all genotypes, GII.4 has been the predominant genotype, but in East Asia, it was replaced by the GII.17 in 2014/2015. However, after the prevalence of new GII.17 variant in South China, a sharply increase in the number of norovirus infections associated with sporadic acute diarrhea was detected. In this study, we would investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of noroviruses in the sporadic acute gastroenteritis cases in the post-GII.17 period in South China. Methods Norovirus was screened from 217 patients with sporadic acute gastroenteritis from August 2015 to October 2017 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Then, two regions including the partial RNA polymerase and the capsid gene of positive samples were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses were performed to determine norovirus genotypes. Complete VP1 sequences of GII.4 strains detected in this study were also amplified and subjected into evolutionary tracing analyses. Results A total of 43 (19.82%) norovirus samples were confirmed from 217 stool specimens, and it was found that GII.4 resurged as the new predominant variant, accounting for 76.74% (33/43) of positive samples. Only one local strain GZ2015-L550 was clustered with the contemporary GII.P16/GII.4–2012 recombinant variant, and other 32 local strains belonged to the clade with the GII.Pe/GII.4–2012 variant. Other genotypes including GII.17 ( n = 4), GII.3 ( n = 4), GII.8 ( n = 1) and GI. 6 (n = 1) were also detected. Furthermore, all GII.4 strains were phylogenetic analyzed based on their capsid P2 subdomains. Combined with other reported 754 strains, the GII.4–2012 variant could be divided into two clades. Most GII.4 strains collected in 2016 and 2017 in this study (7/8) formed a new cluster A in Clade II with additional 103 contemporaneous strains. In addition, evolutionary tracing of the capsid P2 subdomain of this variant was also analyzed, and one specific amino acid substitutions (N373) was identified for Cluster A. Conclusion In summary, this study confirmed a norovirus infection peak in the post-GII.17 period in South China, which was caused by the resurgence of the GII.4 variant. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-4331-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…GI and GII are further subdivided into 9 (GI.1-9) and 25 (GII.1-27) genotypes, respectively (Nordgren & Svensson 2019). Of these, GII.4 is the predominant genotype globally in recent decades including Australia and is responsible for ∼50-70% of all NoV outbreaks, although GII.2, GII.3 and GII.6 are also important causes of childhood NoV infections (Tu et al 2007;Bruggink et al 2018;Lun et al 2018aLun et al , 2018bvan Beek et al 2018;Mans 2019;Cannon et al 2021;Farahmand et al 2021).…”

Section: Recreational Water-associated Outbreaks Of Viral Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Current assumptions for quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) of Norovirus contamination of drinking water catchments due to recreational activities: an update

Deere

Ryan

2022

Journal of Water and Health

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Contamination of drinking water from Norovirus (NoV) and other waterborne viruses is a major public health concern globally. Increasingly, quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is being used to assess the various risks from waterborne pathogens and evaluate control strategies. As urban populations grow and expand, there is increasing demand for recreational activities in drinking water catchments. QMRA relies on context-specific data to map out the pathways by which viruses can enter water and be transferred to drinking water consumers and identify risk factors and appropriate controls. This review examines the current evidence base and assumptions for QMRA analysis of NoV and other waterborne viral pathogens and recommends numerical values based on the most recent evidence to better understand the health risks associated with recreators in Australian drinking water sources; these are broadly applicable to all drinking water sources where recreational access is allowed. Key issues include the lack of an agreed upon data and dose-response models for human infectious NoV genotypes, faecal shedding by bathers, the extent of NoV infectivity and aggregation, resistance (secretor status) to NoV and the extent of secondary transmission.

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GII.4 norovirus recombinant causes gastroenteritis epidemic in Eastern Australia, winter 2017

Cited by 5 publications

References 21 publications

Recombinant GII.P16/GII.4 Sydney 2012 Was the Dominant Norovirus Identified in Australia and New Zealand in 2017

Recombinant GII.P16/GII.4 Sydney 2012 Was the Dominant Norovirus Identified in Australia and New Zealand in 2017

The resurgence of the norovirus GII.4 variant associated with sporadic gastroenteritis in the post-GII.17 period in South China, 2015 to 2017

Current assumptions for quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) of Norovirus contamination of drinking water catchments due to recreational activities: an update

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