GIC effects on pipeline corrosion and corrosion control systems

Gummow, R. A.; Eng, Philip

doi:10.1016/s1364-6826(02)00125-6

Cited by 101 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In the case of technological systems, the term geomagnetically induced current (GIC) is used. GICs are of practical importance due to possibly harmful effects (Bolduc, 2002;Gummow, 2002;Kap-Correspondence to: A. Viljanen (ari.viljanen@fmi.fi) penman, 1996; Lahtinen and Elovaara, 2002;Lesher et al, 1994;Molinski, 2002;Osella et al, 1998;Pirjola et al, 2002). Only few really severe GIC disturbances have occurred, but developing methods for calculating the geoelectric field is relevant as basic research, too: a successful modelling of GIC requires a detailed knowledge of ionospheric currents and of the Earth's conductivity, and provides a comprehensive test for geospace models.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast computation of the geoelectric field using the method of elementary current systems and planar Earth models

Viljanen¹,

Pulkkinen²,

Amm³

et al. 2004

Ann. Geophys.

104

106

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Abstract. The method of spherical elementary current systems provides an accurate modelling of the horizontal component of the geomagnetic variation field. The interpolated magnetic field is used as input to calculate the horizontal geoelectric field. We use planar layered (1-D) models of the Earth's conductivity, and assume that the electric field is related to the local magnetic field by the plane wave surface impedance. There are locations in which the conductivity structure can be approximated by a 1-D model, as demonstrated with the measurements of the Baltic Electromagnetic Array Research project. To calculate geomagnetically induced currents (GIC), we need the spatially integrated electric field typically in a length scale of 100 km. We show that then the spatial variation of the electric field can be neglected if we use the measured or interpolated magnetic field at the site of interest. In other words, even the simple plane wave model is fairly accurate for GIC purposes. Investigating GIC in the Finnish high-voltage power system and in the natural gas pipeline, we find a good agreement between modelled and measured values, with relative errors less than 30% for large GIC values.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast computation of the geoelectric field using the method of elementary current systems and planar Earth models

Viljanen¹,

Pulkkinen²,

Amm³

et al. 2004

Ann. Geophys.

104

106

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“…In severe cases power blackouts have occurred (Boteler et al, 1998). In pipelines, the natural electromagnetic variations can compromise the operations of corrosion protection system (cathodic protection) and even create the possibility for enhanced corrosion to occur (Gummow, 2002). Interference with operations of railway signalling systems has also been reported (Ptitsyna et al, 2008;Wik et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling natural electromagnetic interference in man-made conductors for space weather applications

Trichtchenko

2016

Ann. Geophys.

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Abstract. Power transmission lines above the ground, cables and pipelines in the ground and under the sea, and in general all man-made long grounded conductors are exposed to the variations of the natural electromagnetic field. The resulting currents in the networks (commonly named geomagnetically induced currents, GIC), are produced by the conductive and/or inductive coupling and can compromise or even disrupt system operations and, in extreme cases, cause power blackouts, railway signalling mis-operation, or interfere with pipeline corrosion protection systems. To properly model the GIC in order to mitigate their impacts it is necessary to know the frequency dependence of the response of these systems to the geomagnetic variations which naturally span a wide frequency range. For that, the general equations of the electromagnetic induction in a multi-layered infinitely long cylinder (representing cable, power line wire, rail or pipeline) embedded in uniform media have been solved utilising methods widely used in geophysics. The derived electromagnetic fields and currents include the effects of the electromagnetic properties of each layer and of the different types of the surrounding media. This exact solution then has been used to examine the electromagnetic response of particular samples of long conducting structures to the external electromagnetic wave for a wide range of frequencies. Because the exact solution has a rather complicated structure, simple approximate analytical formulas have been proposed, analysed and compared with the results from the exact model. These approximate formulas show good coincidence in the frequency range spanning from geomagnetic storms (less than mHz) to pulsations (mHz to Hz) to atmospherics (kHz) and above, and can be recommended for use in space weather applications.

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“…In pipelines, space weather may cause problems associated with corrosion and its control, e.g. [5]. So far, GIC effects on railway systems have not been much investigated, but clear indications of them exist, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Practical model applicable to investigating the coast effect on the geoelectric field in connection with studies of geomagnetically induced currents

Pirjola¹

2013

aap

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The horizontal geoelectric field induced at the Earth's surface during temporal variations of the geomagnetic field drives Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GIC) in groundbased conductor networks, such as electric power transmission grids. Usually studies of the geoelectric field in connection with GIC research employ the assumption of a onedimensional (1D) Earth conductivity structure. At ocean-land interfaces the conductivity contrast in the horizontal direction is large making the 1D assumption invalid in coastal areas. Geoelectromagnetic induction literature contains many publications dealing with complicated 2D or 3D Earth models. However, these studies mainly aim at the investigation of the Earth's structure and often do not provide an easy theoretical discussion and clear numbers to be used in practical power engineering investigations of GIC in networks located at coasts. Regarding GIC applications, James Gilbert introduces a two-dimensional (2D) Earth conductivity model for studying the "coast effect" near an 10 R. Pirjola ocean-land interface and derives an integral equation for the surface geoelectric field [4]. In this paper, we show that a model similar to that discussed by Gilbert can also be handled by forward calculations without an integral equation. Thus the treatment considered in this paper is simple enough to be easily understood physically and mathematically but complicated enough to provide realistic information about the coast effect on the geoelectric field for practical GIC purposes. Preliminary numerical computations indicate a satisfactory agreement with Gilbert's results about the enhancement of the horizontal geoelectric field on the land near a coastline.

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GIC effects on pipeline corrosion and corrosion control systems

Cited by 101 publications

References 6 publications

Fast computation of the geoelectric field using the method of elementary current systems and planar Earth models

Fast computation of the geoelectric field using the method of elementary current systems and planar Earth models

Modelling natural electromagnetic interference in man-made conductors for space weather applications

Practical model applicable to investigating the coast effect on the geoelectric field in connection with studies of geomagnetically induced currents

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