Gibberellins and Reproductive Development in Seed Plants

Pharis, R. P.; King, R. W.

doi:10.1146/annurev.pp.36.060185.002505

Cited by 449 publications

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“…Their rapid appearance after the single inductive LD is consistent with the overall increase in total GA-like substances alluded to above, and is suggestive of a rapid GA turnover associated with the inductive LD. Similar increases in GA levels and in rapidity of GA metabolism with LD treatment have also been noted by others (11, 18 and citations in 22,29).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Applications of GA3 and other GAs replace the requirement for LD or low temperature vernalization in many species (22,29). With the LDP Samolusparviflorus, inhibitors ofGA synthesis can prevent flower initiation, this inhibition being reversed by application of GA3 (l).…”

Section: Action (30)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the LDP Samolusparviflorus, inhibitors ofGA synthesis can prevent flower initiation, this inhibition being reversed by application of GA3 (l). Applied GAs also replace the need for SD in a few SDP and may enhance the effect of marginal SD induction (22), while in Pharbitis nil they may be promotive when applied before the inductive dark period, although inhibitory when applied after it (13). In the long-short-day plant Bryophyllum, applied GA3 replaced the need for LD, but not the subsequent requirement for SD: it acted in the leaf, apparently as a precursor for SD ' MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant Growth.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Gibberellins, Endogenous and Applied, in Relation to Flower Induction in the Long-Day Plant Lolium temulentum

Pharis¹,

Evans²,

King³

et al. 1987

Plant Physiol.

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Changes in endogenous gibberellin-like substances (GAs) and related compounds in the shoot apices of Lolium temukntum during and after flower induction by one long day was examined for plants grown in three consecutive years. The total GA level in the shoot apical tissue was high (up to 42 mirograms per gram dry weight, or 3 x 10' molar GA3 equivalents) increasing several-fold on the day after the long day and then declning. Of the many GA-like substances present, the putative polyhydroxylated components-with HPLC retention times between those ofGAs (three hydroxyls) and GA32 (four hydroxyls), and accounting for about a quarter of the total GA activity-were most consistent and striking in their changes. Their level in the apices increased 3-to 5-fold on the day after the long day and then subsided. When varous GAs were applied to plants in noninductive short days, flower initiation was induced by several, most notably by GA32, GAs, 2,2-dimethyl GA4, GA3, and GA7. GA32 was most like one long day in eliciting a strong flowering response while having little effect on stem growth, whereas GA, had the opposite effect. It is suggested that highiy hydroxylated C-19 GAs may play a central role in the induction of flowering in this long-day plant. action (30).Many different endogenous GAs are found in plants, and changes in their concentration in shoot tissue occur following vernalization or photoperiodic induction, e.g. in spinach (28) and Agrostemma (11). Metzger and Zeevaart (18) have proposed that the conversion of GA,9 to GA20 in spinach is under photoperiodic control and conclude that the increase in GA20 is the cause of bolting in spinach, whereas in Agrostemma all the endogenous GAs underwent a transient increase following transfer to LD, associated with stem elongation (11).In the LDP Lolium temulentum, applications of GA3 and several other gibberellins induced flowering under noninductive SD. However, the growth retardant CCC did not prevent LD induction as it did in Samolus; in fact it substantially enhanced rather than reduced the effect of applied GA3 (4, 5) and a comparable response has been found in another LDP, Blitum spp. (10).In this paper, we present evidence for some of the changes in the endogenous GAs of L. temulentum during photoperiodic induction by a single LD, emphasizing the highly polar GAs in the true shoot apex, for which few data are available. These findings have led us to examine the effects of applications of several GAs, notably GA32, the results of which indicate very different specificities for stem growth on the one hand and for flower initiation on the other.Several kinds of evidence implicate the GAs2 in the initiation of flowering in photoperiodically sensitive plants. Applications of GA3 and other GAs replace the requirement for LD or low temperature vernalization in many species (22,29). With the LDP Samolusparviflorus, inhibitors ofGA synthesis can prevent flower initiation, this inhibition being reversed by application of GA3 (l). Applied GAs also replace the need for ...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Action (30)mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gibberellins, Endogenous and Applied, in Relation to Flower Induction in the Long-Day Plant Lolium temulentum

Pharis¹,

Evans²,

King³

et al. 1987

Plant Physiol.

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“…As well as having considerable economic importance, the genus Brassica is also of significant interest to plant physiologists studying bolting, the rapid stem elongation which normally precedes flowering. The involvement of GAs2 in the regulation of bolting in Brassica is suggested by the promotion of stem elongation following the exogenous application of GA3 (14,16,17), and the known involvement of GAs in the regulation of bolting in other cold-requiring or photoperiodic plants (8,17). However, prior to an evaluation of the possible role of endogenous GAs in the regulation of stem growth in Brassica, the specific GAs native to Brassica must be identified.…”

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confidence: 99%

Identification of Endogenous Gibberellins from Oilseed Rape

Rood¹,

Pearce²,

Pharis³

1987

Plant Physiol.

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Oilseed rape (Brasoica napia, cola variety 'Westar') plants were grown in greenhouse conditions and shoots were harvested during the final stages of shoot elatio.Leaves and ture pods were removed and the rewmin ng stem tsue was exracted and puified. The extract was chronatographed on sequential, step-eluted silica gel parit and reverse-phae Cl, HPLC columns, and gibberelin (GA)-like substances were detected using the 'Tan-ginbozu' dwarf rice mirodrop assay. Purified frctions showing GA-like activity were analyzed by capiUary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and GC-selected ion monitoring (GC-SIM). Gibberellins A,, A3, and iso-A3 were identified by full spectrum GC-MS with GA, being the most abundant GA in the stem tissue. Gibberellins A,g and A2e were identified by GC-SIM and are logical precursors of the GA,.

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“…Pharbitis nil (Ogawa, 1963), Phaseolus vulgaris (Felippe & Dale, 1968 ;Radley, 1958), Pisum sativum (see Pharis & King, 1985)). In Phaseolus vulgaris, Felippe & Dale (1968) showed that gibberellin levels of immature seeds of control plants were similar to those in mature seeds from plants treated with GAs.…”

Section: Other Maternal Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistent, non‐seed‐size maternal effects on life‐history traits in the progeny generation in squash, Cucurbita pepo

El‐Keblawy

Lovett‐Doust

1998

New Phytologist

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Maternal-environmental effects on subsequent progeny life-history traits were evaluated in squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) in terms of the amount of time available for seed development, and the timing of fruit production. Progeny arising from three kinds of fruit were compared. Plants from which fruits were removed 3 d post-pollination throughout the growing season developed only ' late ' fruits (during 10-15 d) at the end of the growing season ; on control plants both ' early ' and ' late ' fruits developed (both types allowed to ripen fully). Seed from each type of fruit was weighed individually and categorized into three size classes, then germinated and raised to maturity, including regular harvesting of all fruits 3 d post-pollination. Maternal effects were evident for both vegetative and reproductive traits and carried over to later stages. In contrast, effects due simply to seed size disappeared by day 30 for leaf variables and day 60 for male flower production. Within a seed-size class, progeny arising from fruit of treated plants produced significantly more leaves, with greater size, and more male flowers than those arising from fruit of control plants, while the reverse was true for fruit number and fruit mass. This result is discussed in terms of possible gibberellic acid involvement. In control plants, progeny arising from seeds in the large, fully mature ' early ' fruits produced significantly more, and larger leaves by day 30 than did those from late fruits (suggesting differential provisioning in seeds during development). Male flower production had a highly significant positive correlation with vegetative mass and a significant negative correlation with fruit production.

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Gibberellins and Reproductive Development in Seed Plants

Cited by 449 publications

References 0 publications

Gibberellins, Endogenous and Applied, in Relation to Flower Induction in the Long-Day Plant Lolium temulentum

Gibberellins, Endogenous and Applied, in Relation to Flower Induction in the Long-Day Plant Lolium temulentum

Identification of Endogenous Gibberellins from Oilseed Rape

Persistent, non‐seed‐size maternal effects on life‐history traits in the progeny generation in squash, Cucurbita pepo

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