Giardia and Cryptosporidium in water and wastewater

Smith, H. V.; Grimason, Anthony

doi:10.1016/b978-012470100-7/50041-8

Cited by 31 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 226 publications

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“…Reductions of between 1.25 and 2.45 log 10 oocysts can be achieved in optimally run conventional water treatment systems (Smith & Grimason 2003).…”

Section: Removal/destruction In Water Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, those disinfectants, such as ultraviolet irradiation and ozone (Wallis & Campbell 2002), that are effective in inactivating waterborne Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts are expected to prove useful for other waterborne protozoa (Smith & Grimason 2003).…”

Section: Removal/destruction In Water Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…oocysts in source waters (Gold & Smith 2002), its ability to survive in cold aquatic environments, its low infectious dose, and the disinfection resistance of oocysts, optimization of multi-barrier approaches, including appropriate chemical pretreatment, 'best operational practice', and frequent, routine monitoring of filtration performance offer the best options for its control in water treatment systems (Smith & Lloyd 1997;Craun et al 1998;Smith & Grimason 2003). Reductions of between 1.25 and 2.45 log 10 oocysts can be achieved in optimally run conventional water treatment systems (Smith & Grimason 2003).…”

Section: Removal/destruction In Water Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Table 1) and are insensitive to many disinfectants used in the water industry. The chlorine insensitivity of (oo)cysts has enhanced good operational practice in treatment works and distribution systems and has driven research into alternative technologies for (oo)cyst removal in the both the physical and chemical processes of water treatment (Smith & Grimason 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: A worldwide review of outbreaks and lessons learnt

Karanis

Kourenti

Smith

2006

Journal of Water and Health

695

403

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At least 325 water-associated outbreaks of parasitic protozoan disease have been reported.North American and European outbreaks accounted for 93% of all reports and nearly two-thirds of outbreaks occurred in North America. Over 30% of all outbreaks were documented from Europe, with the UK accounting for 24% of outbreaks, worldwide. Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium parvum account for the majority of outbreaks (132; 40.6% and 165; 50.8%, respectively), Entamoeba histolytica and Cyclospora cayetanensis have been the aetiological agents in nine (2.8%) and six (1.8%) outbreaks, respectively, while Toxoplasma gondii and Isospora belli have been responsible for three outbreaks each (0.9%) and Blastocystis hominis for two outbreaks (0.6%). Balantidium coli, the microsporidia, Acanthamoeba and Naegleria fowleri were responsible for one outbreak, each (0.3%). Their presence in aquatic ecosystems makes it imperative to develop prevention strategies for water and food safety. Human incidence and prevalence-based studies provide baseline data against which risk factors associated with waterborne and foodborne transmission can be identified. Standardized methods are required to maximize public health surveillance, while reporting lessons learned from outbreaks will provide better insight into the public health impact of waterborne pathogenic protozoa.

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“…Reductions of between 1.25 and 2.45 log 10 oocysts can be achieved in optimally run conventional water treatment systems (Smith & Grimason 2003).…”

Section: Removal/destruction In Water Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Removal/destruction In Water Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Removal/destruction In Water Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: A worldwide review of outbreaks and lessons learnt

Karanis

Kourenti

Smith

2006

Journal of Water and Health

695

403

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“…Summarizing the findings from more than 3,700 surface water samples from 11 countries, it was found that 0 to 100% of specimens contained 0 to 252.7 oocysts per liter (Smith & Grimason 2003). Forty-five of 69 cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in North America, the UK and Japan between 1983 and 1999 were related to contaminated drinking water; the largest outbreak affected an estimated 403,000 persons (reviewed by Fayer (2004)).…”

Section: Cryptosporidiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Virulence factor activity relationships for hepatitis E and Cryptosporidium

Fayer

Orlandi

Perdue

2009

Journal of Water and Health

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The hepatitis E virus and Cryptosporidium are waterborne pathogens, each consisting of distinct taxa, genotypes and isolates that infect humans, nonhuman animal species or both. Some are associated with disease, others are not. Factors contributing to disease are extremely complicated, possibly involving differences in one or more traits associated with an organism's taxon, genotype or isolate and its infectious dose, and age or condition, as well as the host's physiology and immune status. Potential virulence factors have not yet been identified for HEV.Putative virulence factors for Cryptosporidium might be found in recently recognized genes involved in processes such as excystation, adherence to host cells, invasion, intracellular maintenance and host cell destruction.

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Fluorescence decay of dyed protozoa: differences between stressed and non‐stressed cysts

et al. 2015

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Several series of tests have shown that fresh, intact samples of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium parvum (oo)cysts are not marked by fluorescent probes such as carboxyfluorcein-succinimidyl-diacetate-ester (CFDA-SE), C12-resazurin and SYTOX® Green, probably because of their robust cell walls. These dyes fail to indicate the viability of such protozoa and allow negative responses to be recorded from living and infectious samples. Cryptosporidium parvum showed stronger isolation from chemicals, with living oocysts remaining unstained by the probe for up to 90 days after extraction. However, in further fluorescence decay (FD) experiments run with G. duodenalis samples stained using CFDA-SE (comprising living, non-stressed but aged cysts, heat-killed samples and UV-C-stressed samples) each showed a different FD decay profile, here studied in seven series of tests of five replicates each. The FD profiles were fitted by double-exponential decay kinetics, with the decay constant k2 being five times higher than k1. This FD procedure is fast and can be easily reproduced in 10 steps, taking ~ 1 h of laboratory work for already purified samples.

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Giardia and Cryptosporidium in water and wastewater

Cited by 31 publications

References 226 publications

Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: A worldwide review of outbreaks and lessons learnt

Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: A worldwide review of outbreaks and lessons learnt

Virulence factor activity relationships for hepatitis E and Cryptosporidium

Fluorescence decay of dyed protozoa: differences between stressed and non‐stressed cysts

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