Giant submarine landslides on the Colombian margin and tsunami risk in the Caribbean Sea

True Volumes of Slope Failure Estimated From a Quaternary Mass‐Transport Deposit in the Northern South China Sea

“…Considering that the two previous cases (the Storegga Slide and the study area) have similar turbidite rates, and other slope failures (volume > 1,000 km 3 ) located in deepwater regions with gentle slope gradients are similar to the northern South China Sea, the turbidite rates calculated in this work can be used as a reference to large slope failures. A large amount of turbidites (e.g., 1,890-5,292 km 3 for Makran Accretionary Complex) would therefore be expected in large-scale slope failures (see Table S2 for the possible turbidite contents of large-scale slope failures [imaged volume ≥ 1,000 km 3 ]; Armandita et al, 2015;Burg et al, 2008;Calvès et al, 2015;Chaytor et al, 2010;Collot et al, 2001;Denne et al, 2013;Dingle, 1977Dingle, , 1980Frey-Martinez et al, 2005;Gee et al, 2006;Haflidason et al, 2004;Hjelstuen et al, 2007;Lamarche et al, 2008;Lee et al, 2004;Leslie & Mann, 2016;Mosher et al, 2012;Niemi et al, 2000;Owen et al, 2010;Piper et al, 1997;Popenoe et al, 1993;Torelli et al, 1997;Trincardi & Argnani, 1990;Vanneste et al, 2006;Wynn et al, 2000). It is worth to note that there are still some uncertainties about the volume estimates for turbidites in the study area.…”

Tectonic control on mass‐transport deposit and canyon‐fed fan system in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea (Sea of Japan)

“…This evidence indicates that the MTDs of SU1 were likely syntectonically deposited with the growth of the Dolgorae Thrust Belt. Generally, submarine thrust‐and‐fold belts in tectonically active margins are degraded by mass‐transport processes (Alfaro & Holz, 2014; Alves et al., 2014; Heiniö, & Davies, 2006; Leslie & Mann, 2016; Ortiz‐Karpf et al, 2018; Vinnels et al., 2010). Frequent and recurrent mass movement is mainly attributed to seafloor oversteepening because of structurally induced seabed deformation and earthquakes (Trincardi & Argnani, 1990; Frey Martínez et al, 2005; Frey‐Martínez et al, 2006; Moscardelli & Wood, 2008).…”

“…Several studies have stressed the effect of tectonic forcing on the origin and trigger of MTDs and turbidite systems in tectonically active margins (Covault & Graham, 2010; Frey Martínez, Cartwright, & Hall, 2005; Gong et al., 2011; Moscardelli & Wood, 2008; Moscardelli, Wood, & Mann, 2006; Mutii, Bernoulli, Lucchi, & Tinterri, 2009; Ortiz‐Karpf, Hodgson, Jackson, & McCaffrey, 2018; Pickering & Corregidor, 2005; Sweet & Blum, 2016). In submarine fold‐and‐thrust belt settings, tectonic activities such as faulting and earthquakes cause submarine slope failures that move vast quantities of sediment down to the deeper basin and/or topographic lows via mass‐transport processes (Alfaro & Holz, 2014; Alves, Strasser, & Moore, 2014; Heiniö, & Davies, 2006; Leslie & Mann, 2016; Ortiz‐Karpf et al., 2018). Tectonic processes also affect deep‐water fans in active margins because tectonically induced topography forms positive bathymetric barriers, or triggers the avulsion of submarine channels in submarine fan complexes (Clark & Cartwright, 2009; Heiniö, & Davies, 2006; Ortiz‐Karpf, Hodgson, & McCaffrey, 2015; Prather, Booth, Steffens, & Craig, 1998; Vinnels, Butler, McCaffrey, & Paton, 2010).…”

“…as faulting and earthquakes cause submarine slope failures that move vast quantities of sediment down to the deeper basin and/or topographic lows via mass-transport processes (Alfaro & Holz, 2014;Alves, Strasser, & Moore, 2014;Heiniö, & Davies, 2006;Leslie & Mann, 2016;Ortiz-Karpf et al, 2018). Tectonic processes also affect deep-water fans in active margins because tectonically induced topography forms positive bathymetric barriers, or triggers the avulsion of submarine channels in submarine fan complexes (Clark & Cartwright, 2009;Heiniö, & Davies, 2006;Ortiz-Karpf, Hodgson, & McCaffrey, 2015;Prather, Booth, Steffens, & Craig, 1998;Vinnels, Butler, McCaffrey, & Paton, 2010).…”

Giant sublacustrine landslide in the Cretaceous Songliao Basin, NE China

“…These complexes have been manifested in the formation of a significant component of the stratigraphic record in ancient and modern deep water systems. Large submarine landslides can have serious socioeconomic consequences, since they have the potential to cause tsunamis and long run‐out density flows that can damage seabed infrastructure (Leslie & Mann, ; Masson et al, ; Talling et al, ). In addition, petroleum exploration has begun to focus on subaqueous landslides because they can form large‐scale and stably distributed seals, source rocks and reservoirs in deep water settings (Algar, Milton, Upshall, Roestenburg, & Crevello, ; Butler & McCaffrey, ; Galloway, Ganey‐Curry, Li, & Buffler, ; Ogiesoba & Hammes, ; Welbon, Brockbank, Brunsden, & Olsen, ).…”