Giant Sb metallogenic belt in South China: A product of Late Mesozoic flat-slab subduction of paleo-Pacific plate

Yan, Jun; Fu, Shanling; Shen, Liu; Wei, Luming; Wang, Tianxing

doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2022.104697

Cited by 18 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…The Xiangzhong province of China hosts the world's largest Sb reserves in the world, with over 171 known antimony mineral deposits and 2.7 Mt Sb reserves (Deng et al, 2017;Hu and Peng, 2018;Wang et al, 2020b;Fu et al, 2022;Yan et al, 2022). Estimates of historic mining activity indicate that approximately 1 Mt of Sb have been produced from the Xikuangshan Sb deposit beginning in the 16th century and pre-mining reserves are 2.5 Mt at an average Sb grade of 4.0 wt.…”

Section: Geology Of the Xikuangshan Sb Depositmentioning

confidence: 99%

Telescoped boiling and cooling mechanisms triggered hydrothermal stibnite precipitation: Insights from the world’s largest antimony deposit in Xikuangshan China

Qiu

Simon

et al. 2023

American Mineralogist

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Society annually consumes 250% more Sb relative to the year 1960 and a sustainable supply of antimony depends critically on understanding the precipitation mechanism of stibnite (Sb 2 S 3 ) that is the globally predominant source of this important technology metal.Previous solubility studies revealed that antimony is transported in mesothermal hydrothermal fluids mainly as thioantimonite (H 2 Sb 2 S 4 , HSb 2 S 4 -, Sb 2 S 4 2-) and hydroxothioantimonite (Sb 2 S 2 (OH) 2 ). Thioantimonite can transform to hydroxothioantimonite as the decline of H 2 S concentration. However, whether this transition occurs in hydrothermal systems and its role in stibnite precipitation are unknown.In this work, bulk Sb isotope measurements for stibnite from the world's largest Sb deposit in Xikuangshan China were conducted to address ore fluid evolution and stibnite precipitation mechanisms. The abundance of the stable antimony isotopes 121 Sb and 123 Sb were measured in stibnite from the Xikuangshan orebodies and reported as δ 123 Sb. The δ 123 Sb values show a trend of decreasing first and then increasing from proximal to distal parts of orebodies. This reveals that 123 Sb had been preferentially partitioned from the ore fluid into stibnite first, then 123 Sb remained preferentially dissolved in the ore fluid. These data indicate that the dominant Sb-complex transforms to Sb 2 S 2 (OH) 2 from H 2 Sb 2 S 4 with consuming of H 2 S. Speciation diagram considerations indicate that stibnite precipitation from the ore fluid was controlled by two telescoped processes: 1) boiling of the ore fluid induced a decrease in H 2 S that reduced the solubility of H 2 Sb 2 S 4 , and 2) subsequent cooling that induced a decrease in the solubility of Sb 2 S 2 (OH) 2 . This study highlights that understanding the controls of Sb isotope fractionation is critical to constrain fluid evolution and stibnite precipitation mechanisms in Sb-rich mineral systems. In particular, the stable Sb This is the peer-reviewed, final accepted version for American Mineralogist, published by the Mineralogical Society of America.The published version is subject to change. Cite as Authors (Year) Title. American Mineralogist, in press.

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Section: Geology Of the Xikuangshan Sb Depositmentioning

confidence: 99%

Telescoped boiling and cooling mechanisms triggered hydrothermal stibnite precipitation: Insights from the world’s largest antimony deposit in Xikuangshan China

Qiu

Simon

et al. 2023

American Mineralogist

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“…Historically, the predominant approach to researching oreforming fluids in heat ore deposits has been anchored in experimentation and observation. Yet, such methodologies are often constrained, yielding only fragmentary insights due to inherent limitations in experimental conditions and observational scopes [11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Current mathematical models and computational techniques, although operational, have been cited to possess inherent challenges.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermophysical Dynamics of Ore-forming Fluids in Heat Ore Deposits: Implications for Ore-formation Processes

Ding

2023

IJHT

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In heat ore deposits, the role of ore-forming fluids in geological processes, notably in the genesis and evolution of such deposits, is pivotal. These fluids predominantly encompass aqueous solutions, molten magma, and various gaseous phases, each demonstrating intricate thermophysical attributes and dynamic behaviours within the high-temperature and pressure conditions of the deep crust. Contemporary methodologies and models, constrained by their specificity to certain environments and elements, often fall short in offering a holistic perspective or forecasting capabilities. To bridge this deficiency, a comprehensive set of mathematical models and equations has been constructed in the present study, subsequently facilitating an in-depth examination of the thermophysical properties of ore-forming fluids and the associated ore-formation processes in heat ore deposits. The research is segmented into three primary components: the derivation of thermal and solute diffusion equations; the establishment of mass and energy conservation equations; and the formulation of a solute transfer equation. This integrative approach not merely furnishes a robust theoretical foundation for decoding the intricacies of ore-forming fluids in heat ore deposits but also bears considerable scientific and pragmatic implications.

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“…The giant Sb metallogenic belt in South China (South China Sb belt) is the major Sb deposit in China, with >500 Sb deposits within the transition zone between the Yangtze river and Cathaysia blocks in southern China. − The extensive Sb mining activities cause severe soil, sediment, and water contamination in this region. − Given the oligotrophic geochemical conditions and high concentrations of Sb in this region, , it is fair to propose that Sb-dependent BNF may be widespread among these Sb-contaminated regions. Indeed, Sb(III) oxidation has been frequently reported in this region, , which can reduce the toxicity of Sb given that Sb(III) is more toxic than Sb(V). , Our previous studies indicated diverse diazotrophic communities in this region. , Therefore, the investigation of Sb-dependent BNF has important environmental implications for improving N fertilizer efficiency and managing Sb toxicity in the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemolithotrophic Biological Nitrogen Fixation Fueled by Antimonite Oxidation May Be Widespread in Sb-Contaminated Habitats

Guo

Yang

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Nitrogen (N) deficiency in mining-contaminated habitats usually hinders plant growth and thus hampers tailing revegetation. Biological N fixation (BNF) is an essential biogeochemical process that contributes to the initial accumulation of N in oligotrophic mining-contaminated regions. Previous studies reported that chemolithotrophic rather than heterotrophic diazotrophs frequently dominated in the mining-contaminated regions. Chemolithotrophic diazotrophs may utilize elements abundant in such habitats (e.g., sulfur (S), arsenic (As), and antimony (Sb)) as electron donors to fix N 2 . BNF fueled by the oxidation of S and As has been detected in previous studies. However, BNF fueled by Sb(III) oxidation (Sb-dependent BNF) has never been reported. The current study observed the presence of Sb-dependent BNF in slurries inoculated from Sb-contaminated habitats across the South China Sb belt, suggesting that Sb-dependent BNF may be widespread in this region. DNA-stable isotope probing identified bacteria associated with Rhodocyclaceae and Rhizobiaceae as putative microorganisms responsible for Sb-dependent BNF. Furthermore, metagenomicbinning demonstrated that Rhodocyclaceae and Rhizobiaceae contained essential genes involved in Sb(III) oxidation, N 2 fixation, and carbon fixation, suggesting their genetic potential for Sb-dependent BNF. In addition, meta-analysis indicated that these bacteria are widespread among Sb-contaminated habitats with different niche preferences: Rhodocyclaceae was enriched in river sediments and tailings, while Rhizobiaceae was enriched only in soils. This study may broaden our fundamental understanding of N fixation in Sbmining regions.

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Giant Sb metallogenic belt in South China: A product of Late Mesozoic flat-slab subduction of paleo-Pacific plate

Cited by 18 publications

References 60 publications

Telescoped boiling and cooling mechanisms triggered hydrothermal stibnite precipitation: Insights from the world’s largest antimony deposit in Xikuangshan China

Telescoped boiling and cooling mechanisms triggered hydrothermal stibnite precipitation: Insights from the world’s largest antimony deposit in Xikuangshan China

Thermophysical Dynamics of Ore-forming Fluids in Heat Ore Deposits: Implications for Ore-formation Processes

Chemolithotrophic Biological Nitrogen Fixation Fueled by Antimonite Oxidation May Be Widespread in Sb-Contaminated Habitats

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