Giant Hawaiian Landslides

Moore, James G.; Normark, William R.; Holcomb, Robin T.

doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.22.050194.001003

Cited by 356 publications

(187 citation statements)

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“…Stochastic events, such as floods or landslides, can also rapidly transport previously erupted material to the oceans and produce discrete volcaniclastic deposits over large areas (Moore 1994;Masson et al, 2006). .…”

Section: Reworked Volcaniclastic Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Construction of volcanic records from marine sediment cores: A review and case study (Montserrat, West Indies)

Cassidy

Watt

Palmer

et al. 2014

Earth-Science Reviews

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Detailed knowledge of the past history of an active volcano is crucial for the prediction of the timing, frequency and style of future eruptions, and for the identification of potentially at-risk areas. Subaerial volcanic stratigraphies are often incomplete, due to a lack of exposure, or burial and erosion from subsequent eruptions. However, many volcanic eruptions produce widelydispersed explosive products that are frequently deposited as tephra layers in the sea. Cores of marine sediment therefore have the potential to provide more complete volcanic stratigraphies, at least for explosive eruptions. Nevertheless, problems such as bioturbation and dispersal by currents affect the preservation and subsequent detection of marine tephra deposits.Consequently, cryptotephras, in which tephra grains are not sufficiently concentrated to form layers that are visible to the naked eye, may be the only record of many explosive eruptions.Additionally, thin, reworked deposits of volcanic clasts transported by floods and landslides, or during pyroclastic density currents may be incorrectly interpreted as tephra fallout layers, leading to the construction of inaccurate records of volcanism. This work uses samples from the volcanic island of Montserrat as a case study to test different techniques for generating volcanic eruption records from marine sediment cores, with a particular relevance to cores sampled in relatively proximal settings (i.e. tens of kilometres from the volcanic source) where volcaniclastic material may form a pervasive component of the sedimentary sequence. Visible volcaniclastic deposits identified by sedimentological logging were used to test the effectiveness of potential alternative volcaniclastic-deposit detection techniques, including point counting of grain types (component analysis), glass or mineral chemistry, colour spectrophotometry, grain size measurements, XRF core scanning, magnetic susceptibility and X-radiography. This study demonstrates that a set of time-efficient, non-destructive and high-spatial-resolution analyses (e.g. XRF core-scanning and magnetic susceptibility) can be used effectively to detect potential cryptotephra horizons in marine sediment cores. Once these horizons have been sampled, microscope image analysis of volcaniclastic grains can be used successfully to discriminate between tephra fallout deposits and other volcaniclastic deposits, by using specific criteria Page | 3 related to clast morphology and sorting. Standard practice should be employed when analysing marine sediment cores to accurately identify both visible tephra and cryptotephra deposits, and to distinguish fallout deposits from other volcaniclastic deposits.

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Section: Reworked Volcaniclastic Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Construction of volcanic records from marine sediment cores: A review and case study (Montserrat, West Indies)

Cassidy

Watt

Palmer

et al. 2014

Earth-Science Reviews

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“…Delta fronts exhibit slide scars produced from low angle failures of weak, fine-grained sediment (Prior et al, 1981). Failures on volcanic island flanks (Moore et al, 1989(Moore et al, , 1994Silver et al, 2005) and along the upper continental slope (Field and Edwards, 1980;Schwab et al, 1993;Lee et al, 1993Lee et al, , 2003Field et al, 1999;Hampton and Bouma, 1977;Hampton et al, 1996) are also well known. All of these types of failures have produced local tsunamis in the past, some with large run-up that extensively damaged population centers (i.e., in Alaska, the Turnagain Arm, Seward, and Valdez failures of 1964; Plafker et al, 1969;Wilson and Torum, 1972;Hampton et al, 1993) and others that could have caused major damage if the areas were occupied at the time of the event.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Submarine landslides in the Santa Barbara Channel as potential tsunami sources

Greene

Murai

Watts³

et al. 2006

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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“…Debris avalanches are generated by catastrophic failures which flow rapidly in single events [Moore et al, 1994]. They are mainly characterized by a welldefined escarpment or amphitheater at their head and hummocky terrain in their lower parts, indicating the presence of a thick coarse deposit [Moore et al, 1989[Moore et al, , 1994.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The most recent megalandslides of the Canary Islands: El Golfo debris avalanche and Canary debris flow, west El Hierro Island

Úrgeles¹,

Canals²,

Baraza³

et al. 1997

J. Geophys. Res.

166

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Abstract. Two major landsliding events have been identified west of the island of E1 Hierro: The E1 Golfo debris avalanche and the Canary debris flow. These landslides were identified from swath bathymetry, seismic reflection, and TOpographic PArametric Sonar (TOPAS) data obtained in December 1994 during a cruise on board the Spanish R/V Hesperides. The E1 Golfo debris avalanche originated subaerially on the western flank of the island of E1 Hierro and has an associated 150 km 3 rock debris deposit on the base of slope. The Canary debris flow, which dislocated some 400 km 3 of sediment, resulted from a different failure originated between 3200 and 3700 m depth at the base of slope of the island of E1 Hierro. According to the studied data set, its source area seems to have been covered by the E1 Golfo debris avalanche deposit. The triggering of the E1 Golfo debris avalanche (between 136 and 21 ka) is related to tensional stresses on the rift zones of the island. These rift zones control the emplacement and morphology of the landslide scar. In the Canary Islands, a relation between landslide ages and island ages can be established, indicating a link between subsidence history, age of shield phases, and giant landslides.

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Giant Hawaiian Landslides

Cited by 356 publications

References 0 publications

Construction of volcanic records from marine sediment cores: A review and case study (Montserrat, West Indies)

Construction of volcanic records from marine sediment cores: A review and case study (Montserrat, West Indies)

Submarine landslides in the Santa Barbara Channel as potential tsunami sources

The most recent megalandslides of the Canary Islands: El Golfo debris avalanche and Canary debris flow, west El Hierro Island

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