Giant cyamella: a rare sesamoid bone

Duarte, Márcio Luí­s; Silva, André de Queiroz Pereira; Alvarenga, Simone Botelho; Prado, José Luiz Masson de Almeida; Scoppetta, Luiz Carlos Donoso

doi:10.1590/0100-3984.2015.0240

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 7 publications

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“…Khanna & Maldjian () described the absence of sesamoids, in their case of the cyamella, Duarte et al . () provided an account of a giant cyamella causing lateral knee pain, and Corvalan, Tang & Robinson () discuss the cyamella, and lateral and medial fabella in humans, highlighting the low prevalence of the cyamella. Considerable information is also available in relation to the patella in humans, mainly relating to its fracture (e.g.…”

Section: Sesamoids In Veterinary and Human Medicinementioning

confidence: 99%

Sesamoids in tetrapods: the origin of new skeletal morphologies

et al. 2019

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Along with supernumerary bones, sesamoids, defined as any organized intratendinous/intraligamentous structure, including those composed of fibrocartilage, adjacent to an articulation or joint, have been frequently considered as enigmatic structures associated with the joints of the skeletal system of vertebrates. This review allows us to propose a dynamic model to account for part of skeletal phenotypic diversity: during evolution, sesamoids can become displaced, attaching to and detaching from the long bone epiphyses and diaphysis. Epiphyses, apophyses and detached sesamoids are able to transform into each other, contributing to the phenotypic variability of the tetrapod skeleton. This dynamic model is a new paradigm to delineate the contribution of sesamoids to skeletal diversity. Herein, we first present a historical approach to the study of sesamoids, discussing the genetic versus epigenetic theories of their genesis and growth. Second, we construct a dynamic model. Third, we present a summary of literature on sesamoids of the main groups of tetrapods, including veterinary and human clinical contributions, which are the best-studied aspects of sesamoids in recent decades. Finally, we discuss the identity of certain structures that have been labelled as sesamoids despite insufficient formal testing of homology. We also propose a new definition to help the identification of sesamoids in general. This review is particularly timely, given the recent increasing interest and research activity into the developmental biology and mechanics of sesamoids. With this updated and integrative discussion, we hope to pave the way to improve the understanding of sesamoid biology and evolution.

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Section: Sesamoids In Veterinary and Human Medicinementioning

confidence: 99%

Sesamoids in tetrapods: the origin of new skeletal morphologies

et al. 2019

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Cyamella (a popliteal sesamoid bone) prevalence: A systematic review, meta‐analysis, and proposed classification system

Berthaume

Bull

2021

Clinical Anatomy

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The cyamella is a rare, generally asymptomatic, knee sesamoid bone located in the proximal tendon of the popliteal muscle. Only two studies have investigated cyamella presence/absence in humans, putting ossified prevalence rates at 0.57%–1.8%. We aim to (a) determine cyamella prevalence in a Korean population, (b) examine coincident development of the cyamella and fabella, and (c) perform a systematic review and meta‐analysis on the cyamella in humans. Medical computed tomography scans of 106 individuals were reviewed. A systematic review and meta‐analysis were performed following PRISMA guidelines. Cyamellae were found in 3/212 knees (1.4%), and presence/absence was uncorrelated to height, age, and sex. The cyamella was not found coincidentally with the fabella, although the statistical power was low. Our systematic review/meta‐analysis revealed cyamellae were generally asymptomatic and ossification could occur at 14 years. Cyamellae were equally likely to be found in both sexes, knees, one or both knees, and there appeared to be no global variation in prevalence rates. Cyamellae were found in three distinct locations. There is little support for the role of intrinsic genetic and/or environmental factors in cyamella development in humans. However, the apparent phylogenetic signal in Primates suggests genetics plays a role in cyamella development. We propose a cyamella classification system based on cyamella location (Class I, popliteal sulcus; Class II, tibial condyle; Class III, fibular head) and hypothesize locations may correspond to distinct developmental pathways, and cyamella function may vary with location.

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