Giant Cross–Kerr Effect for Propagating Microwaves Induced by an Artificial Atom

Hoi, I.-C.; Kockum, Anton Frisk; Palomaki, Tauno; Stace, Thomas M.; Fan, Bixuan; Tornberg, Lars; Sathyamoorthy, Sankar Raman; Johansson, Göran; Delsing, Per; Wilson, Christopher

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.111.053601

Cited by 225 publications

(223 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Fortunately, Xing et al showed that the weak measurement can be applied to amplify the phase shift to the observable value [59]. Current experiment showed that the "giant" cross-Kerr effect with phase shift of 20 degrees per photon has been observed [60].…”

Section: Measuring the Concurrence Of Arbitrary Hyperentangled Statementioning

confidence: 99%

Two-step measurement of the concurrence for hyperentangled state

Sheng

Guo

Pan

et al. 2015

Quantum Inf Process

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We describe an efficient way for measuring the concurrence of the hyperentanglement. In this protocol, the hyperentangled state is encoded in both polarization and momentum degrees of freedom. We show that the concurrences of both polarization and momentum entanglement can be conversed into the total success probability of picking up the odd-parity state and can be measured directly. This protocol requires the weak cross-Kerr nonlinearity to construct the quantum nondemolition measurement and does not resort to the sophisticated controlled-not gate operation. It is feasible in current experimental technology.

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Section: Measuring the Concurrence Of Arbitrary Hyperentangled Statementioning

confidence: 99%

Two-step measurement of the concurrence for hyperentangled state

Sheng

Guo

Pan

et al. 2015

Quantum Inf Process

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“…In the absence of a control photon, the system is completely transparent to the probe. A single control photon will sequentially excite the chain of transmons, displacing the state of the probe field [19], which we show can be detected by homodyne measurement of the probe.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effective nonlinear interaction between the control photon and the probe field is realized by N noninteracting artificial atoms (transmon devices [18]) coupled to the transmission line. Transmons are particularly attractive in light of recent work demonstrating strong atom-field coupling in the singlephoton regime in open waveguides [19]. We treat the atoms as anharmonic three-level ladder systems with energy FIG.…”

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confidence: 99%

Quantum Nondemolition Detection of a Propagating Microwave Photon

et al. 2014

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The ability to nondestructively detect the presence of a single, traveling photon has been a long-standing goal in optics, with applications in quantum information and measurement. Realizing such a detector is complicated by the fact that photon-photon interactions are typically very weak. At microwave frequencies, very strong effective photon-photon interactions in a waveguide have recently been demonstrated. Here we show how this type of interaction can be used to realize a quantum nondemolition measurement of a single propagating microwave photon. The scheme we propose uses a chain of solid-state three-level systems (transmons) cascaded through circulators which suppress photon backscattering. Our theoretical analysis shows that microwave-photon detection with fidelity around 90% can be realized with existing technologies. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.093601 PACS numbers: 42.50.Dv, 42.50.Lc, 42.65.-k, 85.60.Gz Quantum mechanics tells us that a measurement perturbs the state of a quantum system. In the most extreme case, this leads to the destruction of the measured quantum system. By coupling the system to a quantum probe, a quantum nondemolition [1] (QND) measurement can be realized, where the system is not destroyed by the measurement. Such a property is crucial for quantum error correction [2], state preparation by measurement [3,4], and one-way quantum computing [5]. For microwave frequencies, detection of confined photons in high-Q cavities has been proposed and experimentally demonstrated by several groups [6][7][8][9]. They all exploit the strong interaction between photons and atoms (real and artificial) on the single photon level. Detection schemes for traveling photons have also been suggested [10][11][12], but in those proposals the photon is absorbed by the detector and the measurement is therefore destructive. Proposals for detecting itinerant photons using coupled cavities have also been suggested, but they are limited by the trade-off between interaction strength and signal loss due to reflection [13]. Other schemes based on the interaction of Λ-type atomic level structures have been suggested, but the absence of such atomic level structures in solid-state systems make them unsuited to the microwave regime [14][15][16].Here, we present a scheme to detect a propagating microwave photon in an open waveguide. At its heart is the strong effective nonlinear interaction between microwave fields induced by an artificial atom to which they are coupled. A single photon in the control field induces a detectable displacement in the state of a probe field, which is initially in a coherent state. The control field is not absorbed, making the protocol QND. The protocol may be operated either synchronously (in which the control photons arrive within specified temporal windows) or asynchronously [17]. Figure 1 illustrates the scheme. The effective nonlinear interaction between the control photon and the probe field is realized by N noninteracting artificial atoms (transmon devices [18]) coupled to the tran...

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“…In the microwave regime the detection of single photons [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] is more challenging, especially nondestructive detection [6,9,14,15]. Here we propose a scheme for nonabsorbing, high-efficiency detection of single itinerant microwave photons via the nonlinearity provided by an artificial superconducting atom, a transmon [16].Previously [15,17], we considered schemes where the signal photon wave packet propagates freely in an open transmission line [11,18] and encounters the lowest transition of a transmon. The cw-probe field couples the first and second excited states of the transmon and is monitored via continuous homodyne detection.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previously [15,17], we considered schemes where the signal photon wave packet propagates freely in an open transmission line [11,18] and encounters the lowest transition of a transmon. The cw-probe field couples the first and second excited states of the transmon and is monitored via continuous homodyne detection.…”

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confidence: 99%

Non-absorbing high-efficiency counter for itinerant microwave photons

Fan

Milburn

Stace

2014

Research in Optical Sciences

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Detecting an itinerant microwave photon with high efficiency is an outstanding problem in microwave photonics and its applications. We present a scheme to detect an itinerant microwave photon in a transmission line via the nonlinearity provided by a transmon in a driven microwave resonator. With a single transmon we achieve 84% distinguishability between zero and one microwave photons and 90% distinguishability with two cascaded transmons by performing continuous measurements on the output field of the resonator. We also show how the measurement diminishes coherence in the photon number basis thereby illustrating a fundamental principle of quantum measurement: The decoherence rate increases as the detector is made more effective. Conventional photon detectors, such as avalanche photodiode (APD) and photomultiplier tube (PMT), are widely used in practice. However, they destroy the signal photon during detection. There are a number of schemes for quantum nondemolition (QND) optical photon detection [3][4][5], but typically they require a high-Q cavity for storing the signal mode containing the photon(s) to be detected, and a leaky cavity for manipulating and detecting the probe mode. Thus, during one lifetime of a signal photon, the probe mode undergoes many cycles to accumulate information about the signal. This type of detection requires repeated measurements, and the high-Q cavity limits the photodetection bandwidth. In the microwave regime the detection of single photons [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] is more challenging, especially nondestructive detection [6,9,14,15]. Here we propose a scheme for nonabsorbing, high-efficiency detection of single itinerant microwave photons via the nonlinearity provided by an artificial superconducting atom, a transmon [16].Previously [15,17], we considered schemes where the signal photon wave packet propagates freely in an open transmission line [11,18] and encounters the lowest transition of a transmon. The cw-probe field couples the first and second excited states of the transmon and is monitored via continuous homodyne detection. Displacements in the homodyne current, due to the large transmon-induced cross-Kerr nonlinearity [18], indicate the presence of a photon. We showed that, in spite of the exceptionally large cross-Kerr nonlinearity it exhibits [18], a single transmon in an open transmission line is insufficient for reliable microwave photon detection, due to saturation of the transmon response to the probe field [17]. More recently [15], we showed that multiple cascaded transmons could achieve reliable microwave photon counting in principle, though the number of transmons and circulators required in this scheme presents serious experimental challenges.In this paper we propose a scheme that achieves reliable photon counting with as few as a single transmon. The key * stace@physics.uq.edu.au insight is to use a cavity resonant with the probe field to enhance the probe displacements, which depends on the signal photon number. We quantify the measurement efficie...

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Giant Cross–Kerr Effect for Propagating Microwaves Induced by an Artificial Atom

Cited by 225 publications

References 37 publications

Two-step measurement of the concurrence for hyperentangled state

Two-step measurement of the concurrence for hyperentangled state

Quantum Nondemolition Detection of a Propagating Microwave Photon

Non-absorbing high-efficiency counter for itinerant microwave photons

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